World Bank project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World Bank project - Essay Example Some of the main economic sectors that the Senegalese government feels that continued skill development should be enhanced include the tourism sector, horticulture and poultry farming sectors. The initiative by the World Bank to fund the training programme for the young people in Senegal has led to massive improvements in the job market. In addition, the cases of joblessness among the young people in Senegal has significantly reduced. The project was awarded a $35 million loan for full implementation. The project is very beneficial to the economic development of Senegal. The project will improve the level of skills among the young people. In essence, the project will aid in the diversification of the economic activities in Senegal. Over 60% of the total Senegalese population is employed in the agriculture. However, the contribution of agriculture to the country’s economic growth is less than twenty percent. In this regard, offering sufficient relevant training to the young people in the fields of agriculture and tourism can aid in boosting the economic growth of the country. The project aims at increasing the country’s agricultural production and to boost returns from tourism activities. In essence, the project will boost the contribution of common economic activities to the country’s economic growth and development. Most young people are idle because of lack of skills in the various industries. Young people are very productive since they are energetic and can easily adapt to changes. Actually, the young people have a better understanding capacity compared to the old people. In this case, offering training to the young people is very economic since they understand concepts at a higher rate than the old people. For this reason, the project will aid in boosting the level knowledge among the young people and reduce idleness in the streets. The project will aid the Senegalese

Thomas Midgley Jr. Essay Example for Free

Thomas Midgley Jr. Essay Born on May 18, 1889, American engineer and chemist Thomas Midgley, Jr. was controversial for two of his discoveries. One, he discovered the Freon while working for General Motors in 1930. He intended it to be a safe non-toxic refrigerant to be used in household appliances, to replace the dangerous refrigerants used before like ammonia and propane. Freon and other CFCs soon replaced the various toxic or explosive substances previously used as refrigerants, and were later used in other applications, such as propellants in aerosol spray cans and asthma inhalers. The Society of Chemical Industry awarded Midgley the Perkin Medal in 1937 for this work. However, Midgleys discovery resulted in damage to the earths Ozone layer. Two, Midgely discovered the effectiveness of tetraethyl lead as an antiknock additive for gasoline. On October 30, 1924, Midgley participated in a press conference to demonstrate the safety of TEL. In this demonstration, he poured TEL over his hands, then placed a bottle of the chemical under his nose and inhaled its vapor for sixty seconds, declaring that he could do this every day without succumbing to any problems whatsoever. However, the State of New Jersey ordered the Bayway plant to be closed a few days later, and Jersey Standard was forbidden to manufacture TEL there again without state permission. Midgley himself was careful to avoid mentioning to the press that he required nearly a year to recover from the lead poisoning brought on by his demonstration at the press conference. He sought treatment for lead poisoning in Europe a few months after his demonstration at the press conference. Midgley was relieved of his position as vice president of GMCC but continued to work for them. Midgley died three decades before the ozone depleting effects of CFCs in the atmosphere became widely known. Another adverse effect of Midgleys work was the release of large quantities of lead into the atmosphere as a result of the large-scale combustion of leaded gasoline all over the world. High atmospheric lead levels have been associated with serious health problems. J. R. McNeill, an environmental historian, has remarked that Midgley had more impact on the atmosphere than any other single organism in Earths history.

American Intelligence In The Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay

American Intelligence In The Cuban Missile Crisis History Essay The Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 brought the world close to a nuclear confrontation between the United States, Cuba, and the Soviet Union. The Cuban missile crisis was triggered by the Soviet deployment to Cuba of medium-range and intermediate-range ballistic missiles with nuclear warheads. It was the result of a variety of things: the Cuban Revolution, the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, US anti-communism, the insecurity of the Soviet Union, and Cubas fear of invasion. From the start of the crisis, American intelligence monitored the islands development and was able to collect and analyze information, but it miscalculated the Soviet Unions intentions and motivation for placing nuclear missiles in Cuba. American intelligence, through human intelligence gathering methods, aerial photoreconnaissance, and signal interceptions, was able to discover Soviet missiles in Cuba, and thwart the possibility of a nuclear war. This intelligence provided the U.S with a great deal of in formation about its enemies military units, missiles, weapons and strength. The events of the Cuban Missile Crisis revealed the sophistication of the U.S. intelligence community, especially in its ability to collect and analyze information. Human Intelligence (HUMIT) obtained inside information concerning Cuba from Refugees, and important secrets transferred to U.S. Government by Soviet Colonel Oleg Penkovsky. Photographic intelligence (PHOTINT) played an exceedingly important part (the U-2 reconnaissance spy-plane) in taking internal terrestrial images of the Island. Signals intelligence (SIGINT) was used to block communication between Soviet Union and Cubans during the crisis to the advantage of the Americans. Cuban Missile Crisis Background Fidel Castro came to power after the Cuban Revolution. At first the U.S. supported Castro, but when he embraced communism, the U.S. attempted to overthrow Castros rule in Cuba. In April 1961, Americans used CIA-trained and armed Cuban exiles (La Brigada) in the Bay of Pigs invasion but failed. After the failed invasion of the Bay of Pigs, it was evident to the Castro that the U.S. would attack again, causing him to make concessions with the Soviet Union in order to defend Cuba. Consequently, Soviet Premier Nikita S. Khrushchev eagerly extended an offer of assistance to the desperate Castro and saw an opportunity to gain a strategic foothold in Americas backyard. Castro allowed the Soviet Union to place military bases on the island of Cuba, in exchange for protection against any U.S. invasion attempts. After Castros approval, Khrushchev quickly and secretly built ballistic missile installations in Cuba in the summer of 1962. When the U.S discovered ballistic missiles presence in Cuba, it elevated tension between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. When the missiles installation were discovered by intelligence, President John F. Kennedy ordered a naval quarantine (blockade) of Cuba and threatened to invade Cuba; as a result, the Soviet Union pledged to withdraw from Cuba if the U.S. did not invade and finally the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved. The American Intelligence Role in the Pre-Cuban Missile Crisis The Cuban missile crisis started in a series of American intelligence blunders that started under the Dwight Eisenhower administration and continued into the John F. Kennedy administration. The American intelligence agency devised Operation Mongoose, which was aimed to expel the powerful Castro and his regime. The Operation Mongoose plot included economic and political destabilization, propaganda, manipulation, sabotage, assignation plots and direct assistance to anti-Castro Cubans in military training. During the Cold war, Cuban refugees provided inaccurate inside information about Cuba and Castro, and such information was able to convince the Americas Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to initiate the covert Bay of Pigs operation on April 17th, 1961 to overthrow the Castro communist regime. Cuban exiles, trained by the CIA, staged a botched invasion at Cubas Bay of Pigs, but the CIAs planned invasion ended in complete failure due to miscalculations by the CIA and a lack of resources and support from the American military. U.S. intelligence misunderstood the nature of Fidel Castros insurgency and miscalculated the likelihood of his victory. Operation Mongoose (Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba is a part of this operation) is also partially responsible for initiating the Cuban Missile Crisis as Cuban intelligence was able to discover that America planned to assassinate Castro through Operation Mongoose. Castro was worried about Cubas safety; on the other side, the Soviet Union was also worried about losing a valuable ally in Cuba. Moreover, the Soviets had the intention to compensate for Soviet inferiority in ICBMs (intercontinental ballistic missile) and liked to reply to the Americans with a nuclear version of tit-for-tat as noted by Khrushchevs advisor Fyodor Burlatsky: Khrushchev and Soviet Defence Minister R. Malinovsky à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ were strolling along the Black Sea coast. Malinovsky pointed out to sea and said that on the other shore in Turkey there was an American nuclear missile base. In a matter of six or seven minutes missiles launched from that base could devastate major centres in the Ukraine and southern Russ ia. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Khrushchev asked Malinovsky why the Soviet Union should not have the right to do the same as America. Why, for example, should it not deploy missiles in Cuba? However, from the American perspective, installing nuclear-armed Jupiter intermediate range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) in Turkey helped secure NATOs southern flank, which also helped cement relations with Turkey, and enhanced their nuclear deterrent with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union viewed these missiles and their threat very differently. Nevertheless, U.S. covert attempts to depose the Cuban regime seemed to provoke Cuban and Soviet defences and directly led to the deployment of the Soviet ballistic missiles in Cuba. It is true that American intelligence played a role in causing the Cuban Missile Crisis, and to a certain extent failed to estimate that Soviet leadership would deploy strategic missiles in Cuba. Furthermore, CIA agents in Cuba or the Soviet Union were incapable to provide solid indication of the Soviet missiles deployment. Some information was received from other Western intelligence organizations, CIA agents on the island and refugees, but little attention was given to the discovery of the missiles. The US military intelligence agencies with some support from Western allies tracked the Soviet arms shipping to Cuba. In July 1962, SlGlNT collectors listened to the radio messages to and from the Soviet vessels on their way to Cuba. These messages are interpreted and provided some indication about how Soviet vessels calling on Cuban ports were making false port declarations and declaring less than the known cargo-carrying capacity (Carrying heavy military weapons) , but no real conside ration is given due to insufficient evident. Satellite photographic reconnaissance was not directed against Cuba in 1962. On August 29th a U-2 spy-plane on reconnaissance over Cuba, brought back evidence that SA-2 surface-to-air (SAM) missiles has been installed around San Cristobal, but Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin advised President Kennedys closest advisor, Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, that the installations were entirely defensive in nature. American intelligence (COMOR-The interagency Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance) decided to send another U-2 spy-plane to take a closer look, but bad weather delayed the fight until October 14th. On September 19th, 1962 American estimators issued Special National Intelligence Estimate (SNIE 85-3-62) on The Military Build-up in Cuba but failed to estimate what the Soviet Union would do, based on insufficient evidence, Soviet intentions, and the past Soviet behaviour. In fact, Soviet intelligence performed better in the pre-crisi s period, and they were able to transport nearly 50,000 Soviet troops, 100 tactical nuclear weapons, possibly four to six nuclear naval mines and 60 nuclear warheads for the surface-to-surface missile sites in Cuba via covert action. The American Intelligence Role during the Cuban Missile Crisis For the United States, the crisis began on October 15, 1962, when photographs from a U-2 reconnaissance aircraft revealed several SS-4 nuclear missiles at San Cristobal, Cuba. The early morning of October 16th, President John Kennedy was informed of the missile installations. Kennedy immediately convened his Executive Committee (EX-COMM), a group of his twelve most important advisors (Such as CIA Director John McCone, Secretary of Defence Robert S. McNamara, National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy) to handle the unfolding crisis. During the crisis, US intelligence was able to accurately identify the location, operational status of the missile deployment, provision of MiG-21 fighters, SA-2 antiaircraft missile systems, 11-28 light bombers, missile torpedo boats, and coastal defence cruise missiles, and the numbers of these systems. Furthermore, low level reconnaissance allowed discovering the additional military forces, in particular four Soviet augmented ground force regiments, each with 31 tanks, and with six to eight Luna rocket artillery launchers It can be seen that PHOTOINT (currently called Imint- Imaging Intelligence) or aerial reconnaissance really played a vital role in Cuban Missile Crisis. Photoreconnaissance Intelligence had done an incredible job by providing credible evidence of offensive missiles in Cuba (see pictures 1 to 3 on last page of this document, taken from U-2 spy-plane during Cuban Missile Crisis) and helped policy makers and their advisors to make decisions based on solid photograph ic evidence. As McCone indicated, aerial photography was our best means of establishing hard [firm] intelligence HUMIT was also used by interviewing refugees, collecting reports from CIA agents on island, and Soviet secret from Soviet Officer Oleg Penkovsky. American military personnel interrogated unverified refugees from Cuba on American soil, who revealed that they had personally seen a convoy of SS-4 missiles near Havana. But this was not itself sufficient due to the mass of other invalid reports during or before the crisis period. Many reports are provided from agents on the Island about suspicious military movement, possible missiles and other defensive activities in Cuba. Colonel Oleg Penkovsky, a Soviet Military Intelligence officer, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and British intelligence (MI-6), all suggested that the Soviets were attempting to put missiles into Cuba but this information was not given credibility until it was subsequently confirmed through aerial reconnaissance. Oleg Penkovsky supplied 111 exposed rolls of film, 99 percent of which were legible. An estimated 10, 000 pages of intelligence reports were produced from his information, which included the top secret operating manuals for the SS-4 and SS-5 missiles. Information from Penkovsky-provided documents was compared with the U-2 photography, and analysts were able to identify positively the specific missiles being placed in Cuba and determine on a daily basis the stage of construction of each missile site. This information was critical in enabling the President to know how much time he had to determine and apply a policy of diplomatic and military pressure against Khrushchev before having to take direct military action. Colonel Oleg Penkovskys role in the Cuban missile crisis has been portrayed as of pre-eminent importance to the outcome, and described as Humints best source of information during the crisis. It is true that SIGINT provided no warning of the presence of Soviet nuclear-armed intermediate and medium-range ballistic missiles in Cuba prior to their discovery by U-2 reconnaissance aircraft. The Oxford, officially known as a Technical Research Ship (TRS), proved to be the largest producer of SIGINT during the Cuban Missile Crisis. The collected communications from SIGINT provided a great quantity of information which, when combined with the photographs from the U2 over-flights, provided a very good picture of what was happening in Cuba. SIGINT also helped during the midst of the crisis, to intercept and triangulate messages and sent to the Command Centre for interpretation, then used by the US government to make further decision and predict future actions of the Soviet Union and Cuba. Another type of intelligence that was used for the first time was the SOSUS (underwater sound surveillance system). SOSUS plus patrol aircraft was extensively and successfully used during the Cuban Missile Crisis and proved to be an important aspect of U.S intelligence in detecting any possible Soviet submarine movement (especially Soviet Foxtrot class submarines). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ªAfter analyzing all the evidence from different sources of the intelligence and having an intense policy debate with the Executive Committee group members, Kennedy imposed a naval quarantine around Cuba. On October 22, Kennedy publicly announced the discovery of the ballistic missile installations and his decision to quarantine (blockade) the island to prevent Soviet ships from carrying further missile equipment to the island. He also proclaimed that any nuclear missile launched from Cuba would be regarded as an attack on the United States by the Soviet Union and demanded that the Soviets remove all of their offensive weapons from Cuba. Later, on the 26th EX-COMM heard from Khrushchev that the Soviets agreed to remove the ballistic missiles from Cuba, if the U.S. would guarantee not to invade Cuba. On October 27th, tension increased when a U-2 was shot down over Cuba and Khrushchev demanded the removal of U.S. missiles in Turkey in exchange for Soviet missiles in Cuba. But Attorney General Robert Kennedy suggested ignoring the second letter and contacted Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin to tell him of the U.S. agreement with the first (not to invade Cuba). Finally, on October 28th, Khrushchev announced that he would dismantle the installations and return the missiles to the Soviet Union. Further negotiations were held to implement the October 28 agreement and it continued in November. Again American intelligence helped to provide evidence to the American government that the Soviets turned their ships back, a fact first learned from SIGINT from radio messages, and soon the Soviets dismantled and withdrew the missil es. The U.S. Navy also played a pivotal role in this crisis, demonstrating the critical importance of naval forces to national defence. Surface and submarine units moved into place to attack any ship crossing the declared line in the quarantine operation. A week of intensive face-off and direct communications between President Kennedy and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev finally made it possible to alleviate the crisis. The American government and the Communist Bloc both considered the crisis over. Conclusion In summary, Espionage has been, and always be a central source of information to support national defense. The performance of US intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis was generally good, in some respects outstanding, albeit with a few shortcomings. From the beginning, American Intelligence made all possible efforts to collect, analyze and monitor the Soviet activities and arms build-up in Cuba, but erroneously underestimated the Soviet leaders intention to station nuclear weapons in Cuba. Moreover, the use of U-2 aircraft for aerial photoreconnaissance over the interior of Cuba, Cuban refugee interrogations, and Soviet secrets (manuals for the SS-4 and SS-5 missiles) provided by Penkovskys espionage, gave the U.S. excellent intelligence coverage of the status of missile site construction and readiness. American intelligence community worked well during the crisis, and helped policy makers, senior intelligence estimators and analyst to make better decisions and evaluate Soviet reac tions based on intelligence-provided evidence. The CIA played a leading role in backing up the EXComm. Intelligence organizations of the army, navy, and air force provided backup to the military planners. Overall, American Intelligence role in Cuban Missile Crisis was good and helped government to resolve crisis.

Coca Cola Company Operations Pakistan Marketing Essay

Coca Cola Company Operations Pakistan Marketing Essay INRTODUCTION The Coca-Cola Company started their operations in Pakistan in 1953. Coca-Cola, Sprite and Fanta are the available brands in Pakistan. The System of Coca-Cola in Pakistan operates through eight bottlers, four of that are majority-owned by Coca-Cola Beverages Pakistan Limited (CCBPL). The CCBPL plants are awailable in Karachi, Gujranwala, Multan, Hyderabad, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rahimyar Khan and Sialkot. The other two plants, separately owned, are in Peshawar Rawalpindi. The Coca-Cola serves 70,000 customers/retail outlets in Pakistan. 1,800 people work system of Coca Cola in Pakistan. With in the last two years, over $130 million (U.S.) were invested by the Pakistan Coca Cola system. More than 56 years of refreshment period in Pakistan Coca-Cola was introduced in Pakistan 1953 Fanta was introduced in Pakistan 1965 Sprite was introduced 1972 Diet Coke Fanta Lemon was introduced 200 Since 1897Coca cola international productions have been sold in Mexico. Now Coco cola controls 60% of the Mexican soda market, further Pepsi with 30%. Further Mexican president Foxs before becoming a politician he was working as president of the Coca-Cola Corporation of Latin America Mexico. After his victory, Coca-Cola started bottling water by the wealthiest aquifer in the Chiapan town of San Cristà ³bal de las Casas, an ecological reserve controlled by a conservation group Pronatura that receives money from the Coca-Cola Mexico. In 2004, the Coke plant at San Cristà ³bal de las Casas used 107,332,391 water liters about as much as 200,000 homes use. In a country where over 12 million general public are without access to drinkable water, Mexican groups have started on a boycott against Coca-Cola basically motivated by Cokes increasing authority of Mexican water. So the object of this report is to critically evaluate the strategy and performance of any ONE US, European or Asian company over the last five years in any two emerging markets in different regions of the world. According to that the report describes Coca Cola Companies performance strategies in US Asian reigns by using Pakistan Mexico emerging markets. FINANCIAL REPORT: It is owing to the strong finances, the company is still existing the ups down of the business. The financial report of Coke the year 2000 2001along with the percentage change is as below. 2002 basic diluted net income per share includes a non-cash gain of $.02 per share after taxes that were recognized on the issuance of stock by Coca-Cola Enterprises Inc., one of the equity investors of the company. Charges are partly balance by a gain of $.05 for each share after income taxes related to the merger of Coca-Cola Beverages plc Hellenic Bottling Company S.A. $.04 per share after income taxes linked to benefits from a tax rate reduction in Germany from positive tax planning strategies. DIVIDEND AND CASH INVESTMENT PLAN: The Dividend Cash Investment Plan authorizes shareowners of record to invest again dividends from Company shares of The Coca-Cola Company. The Plan offers a systematic, economical convenient method of acquiring extra shares of our common stock. All the shareowners of record are suitable to participate. Shareowners are also may purchase stock through voluntary cash investments of up to $125,000 for year. In year-end, 76 % of the Companys shareowners of record were participants in the Plan. In 2002, shareowners did invest $36 million in dividends $31 million in money in the Plan. COMPANY STATISTICS: This companys statistics are inspiring. Since it is operating all over the places in the world because of that the number of employees the bottling equipments is uppermost among the other companies of bottling. There is a constant raise in every aspect when mach the statistics of 2001 the statistics of 2002. This is because; Coca Cola Company is increasing its volume day by day. The spreading out of this company that shows the victory of Coca Cola brands, results in the percentage vary in the statistics of the two years. The statistics is as below. (EBITDA) -Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, other non-operating items Did convert to a standard unit of assess defined as 24 eight-ounce servings or else 192 ounces for each equal case sold by Coca-Cola Enterprises. PRODUCTS: The Coca Cola Company produces carbonated drinks as well as other drinks while launching companys product, the marketing department considers the culture the sub cultures of the country. Coca Colas major brands à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Coke à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Diet coke à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sprite à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Coke classic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fanta http://htmlimg4.scribdassets.com/7lva67i2vf9rsu8/images/18-60ed37e055/000.jpg STRATEGIC PLANNING In 2002, the coca cola company did have a great success, as the strategy did work that resulted in making Company the worlds leading company. In 2001, company did accomplish the top of its strategy as; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢global volume enlarged by 4 %with strong international growth of 5% clear signs that our North American business is growing steadily expectable. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Earnings per share did grow by 82 %, as we carried on our commitment to Create volume growth aggressively. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Return on common equity grew from 23 %in 2000 to 38 %2001 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Return on capital increased from 16 %in 2000 to 27 %in 2001. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The free cash flow has bean generated by the company. Thats from $2.8 to $3.1 billion. In 2000,a clear indication of its underlying financial power. The strategy for the potential of the coca cola company is more straightforward. The marketing strategy for the next year is in this manner, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢The speed up carbonated soft-drink growth, led by Coca-Cola Company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Selectively widen the group of beverage brands to drive profitable development. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Increase system profitability ability jointly with the companies bottling associates. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Treat consumers with creativity steadiness to generate development across all Channels. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Direct investments to the highest potential regions across markets. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Cost-effectiveness Drive efficiency all over the place. http://htmlimg2.scribdassets.com/7lva67i2vf9rsu8/images/24-7d0ce9e592/000.jpghttp://htmlimg2.scribdassets.com/7lva67i2vf9rsu8/images/24-7d0ce9e592/000.jpg COCA COLA MEXICO Within the soft drinks Sprite Fanta become positively along with the key brand Coca Cola Diet Coke. In key markets, the company has formed new packaging sizes to satisfy customer demands. More and more, Mexican domestic families have lunched together at home. The lot of Mexican household drinks 2-1/2or more of soft drinks during that break, while a two liter bottle was the biggest available package. Therefore the company initiated a convenient 2-1/2 liter bottle to choose regions, involving to the sale of nearly 1.5 billion unit cases of Coke in Mexico. The bigger bottle will complete its island wide rollout in 2002. Since 1897Coca cola international productions have been sold in Mexico. Now Coco cola controls 60% of the Mexican soda market, further Pepsi with 30%. Further Mexican president Foxs before becoming a politician he was working as president of the Coca-Cola Corporation of Latin America Mexico. After his victory, Coca-Cola started bottling water by the wealthiest aquifer in the Chiapan town of San Cristà ³bal de las Casas, an ecological reserve controlled by a conservation group Pronatura that receives money from the Coca-Cola Mexico. In 2004, the Coke plant at San Cristà ³bal de las Casas used 107,332,391 water liters about as much as 200,000 homes use. In a country where over 12 million general public are without access to drinkable water, Mexican groups have started on a boycott against Coca-Cola basically motivated by Cokes increasing authority of Mexican water. COCA COLA PAKISTAN The Coca-Cola Company started their operations in Pakistan in 1953. Coca-Cola, Sprite and Fanta are the available brands in Pakistan. The System of Coca-Cola in Pakistan operates through eight bottlers, four of that are majority-owned by Coca-Cola Beverages Pakistan Limited (CCBPL). The CCBPL plants are awailable in Karachi, Gujranwala, Multan, Hyderabad, Lahore, Faisalabad, Rahimyar Khan and Sialkot. The other two plants, separately owned, are in Peshawar Rawalpindi. The Coca-Cola serves 70,000 customers/retail outlets in Pakistan. 1,800 people work system of Coca Cola in Pakistan. With in the last two years, over $130 million (U.S.) were invested by the Pakistan Coca Cola system. More than 56 years of refreshment period in Pakistan Coca-Cola was introduced in Pakistan 1953 Fanta was introduced in Pakistan 1965 Sprite was introduced 1972 Diet Coke Fanta Lemon was introduced 200 PROMISE OF COKE The fundamental proposition of the business is plain, firm timeless. When we bring refreshment, joy value fun to the stakeholders, then we successfully nurture protect our brands, mainly Coca-Cola. That is the key to fulfill ultimate duty to provide consistently attractive returns to the holder of the business. TARGET MARKET Cokes commercials mainly focused on young generations, for the reason that they want to represent Coke with the youth energy further they think about the matured people they take then as a co-target market. MAJOR SEGMENTS Major segments are mainly those who take Coke daily those areas where the demand is higher then the other areas. A lot of people who take Coke daily those who take weekly those who take rarely are always there as well. So, the Pakistan Coca Cola companys basic segments are those who have this drink often. FACTORS EFFECTING SALES There are lots of factors that affect the sale of Coca Cola. Three major factors are being discussed that effect coke. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Per capita income à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Competitors à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Weather Per Capita Income ThaÃÆ' ¯ss the major factor that influences the sale of this carbonated soft drink. For the reason that each every passing year budgets are becoming more strict tight in order to purchase things. Consequently the disposable revenues of the people are getting lower. They pay out heavily on rents, utilities, education basic necessities thereafter when they erne extra money they think about this carbonated soft drink .thus the get down of per capita income does effect badly in selling production of this carbonated soft drink. to go through with this difficulty there is need to increase the level of per capita Income of Pakistan therefore it is lesser than the other the countries. Competitors Coca Colas main competitor is PEPSI % there is no suspect to say this because every body knows that all the other cold drinks and water, tea, coffee, are the players. Weather This is immature market so the Coca Colas usage in winters is 40% in summers is 60%. MAJOR CUSTOMERS NEED Most of the consumers dont care about what they are going to take. They dont care before drinking that whether it is Coca Cola or Pepsi. They dont actually feel more differentiation among these two brands according to the tastes. Buyers normally have what they get. They believe on WHAT COLD THEY SOLD Customers availability in brands is normally happens such as: Push availability Pull consumers demand. According to this reason Coca Cola have supplied their coolers freezers in to the market. Further have utmost number of freezers coolers in the market. They supply these infrastructures free of charge just to supply child coke to the customer that they want to be bought. The mechanics salesman often go all the shops to check infrastructure .If there is any problem change or repair it. http://htmlimg4.scribdassets.com/7lva67i2vf9rsu8/images/27-52c1d1da9f/000.jpg MAJOR COMPETITORS If consumers want to have soft drink they compete brands with each other. For instance compete Coke with Pepsi Sprite with 7up team. The Coca Cola Company thinks in a different way, they believe that new competitor AMRAT Cola, RC Cola, all the other juices, they take even water tea as their competitors. STRATEGIES OF QUALITY After macro micro analysis Brand Coca Cola is mainly role 1. Improve rivalry moments 2. When people do watch cricket 3. throughout commercialization 4. Enjoyable time Because of these strategies there can be better understanding better connection with the community. These are the main consumption. THREATS FROM COMPETITORS All of the Threats are well planned. The key threat is price. When the exact price whether comes down or goes higher thats effects the consumption of carbonated drink. For the reason that when the price goes higher consumers go for the substitute of coke such as Pepsi. when price goes down they think that there should be some thing wrong in that. In short that all depends on customers awareness. TARGETS THAT WOULD LIKE TO ATTAIN Survival of every organization is depending on profit. Thus Coke is also searching for a maximum of profit margin. We could identify three major ways to earn profits. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Over night profit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Windfall profit à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Ethical and un-ethical ways Over Night Profits This is for the best brand for the year. This can be got increasing sales volume Windfall Profit They are the extras earnings. When the consumption is on boom. So, there are different types of profits. Ethical and Unethical Ways Profits can earn ethically or unethically. Company believes on this quote Every thing is fare in love and war. Further they can earn profit through diverse approaches. EXPANDING TARGET MARKET In last 2 years Coca Cola came back very aggressively. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Consumer has got choice à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Attractive brand name à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Brand differentiating Consumer Has Got Choice Consumers know the name of other big brand, even though Coca Cola is the 2nd best name but it can get the best place after some period. Attractive Brand Name Now buyers know the Name of Coca Cola, since Coke is the name thats the populist after the word ok. Thus consumers can better differentiate brands with others. Brand Differentiation Now different brands are available in the market. Thus, consumers can differentiate between brands. The best players coke and Pepsi also have some different kinds of brand names either. Coca Colas Brand Coca Cola think about the togetherness, being people together and friends are being together. Coca Cola hardly believes that Pakistani temperament is us Pepsis Brand They use the temperament of me. In contrast to Coke they do believe on individual struggle. OPPORTUNITIES THREATS FOR PRICE Opportunities There are some taxes company must pay such as 20% excise duty 03% In making Budge 15% sales tax 27% goes to government Not only for taxes but for electricity chargers, distribution chargers, after paying all of those chargers the price of a coke can increase up consumer have to pay these as taxes. These are the opportunities through which we can increase the price and can get profits. The Coca Cola Company gets those as their opportunities to increase the margin of rates as well as for increases their profits Threats There are some threats in increasing prices of products. If for instance, Coke increases for 1 rupee. Then people definitely will not go for Coca Cola they transfer to Pepsi. So these are the threats when coke increases its prices of products. STRATEGIES OF GETTING GOALS HIGH PROFITS There are many ways That Coca Cola can increase its profits. Some key ways are as follows. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ increasing volume à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢customers interest level à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ join with energetic festivals The way of increasing volume of consumers Coca Cola can increase the consumer volume by expanding the Coke industry. By using advertisements, attract people towards this product by offering very attractive interesting things. The way of increasing the interest level of consumers Increase the interest level of customers by using different flavors. For instance Coke is increasing the flavors in Fanta, through offering different flavors Coke can enhance the Level of customers these profits can be increased. The way of joining energetic festivals Coca cola is most of the time taking part in the festival such as Basant since during last 3 years. Coke erne high income consumption of Coke is increased on these occasions. In 2002 consumers were waiting that what interesting program Coke is going to present. MARKETING STRATEGY Coca Colas domestic marketing strategy enables Coke to listen all people around the world asking for soft drinks that span the entire occasions spectrum of tastes. What consumers want in a beverage is a reflection of who they are, how they work play, where they exist, how they relax recharge. We are determined not only to make great drinks, but also to contribute to societies over the world through Cokes commitment to, health, wellness, education diversity. Coke does its best to be a good neighbor, again and again shaping the business decisions to develop the quality of life in the communities in that do business. Thats a special object to have thousands of friends over the world, they never forget that. http://htmlimg1.scribdassets.com/7lva67i2vf9rsu8/images/32-d224ae62b1/000.jpg MARKET POSITIONING Product Range The Pakistan total range of Coca Cola products à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Coke. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Diet Coke. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Fanta. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sprite. And also company presents its products in different bottle sizes these includes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢PET 1.5 (1.5 litter plastic bottle) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢SSRB (standers size returnable bottle) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢NRB (no return bottle) or disposable bottle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢CANS (tin pack 330 ml) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢LRB (litter returnable bottle) Packing There are different kinds of packing available. Such as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢6 bottle pack for 1.5 pets à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢24 cans in one pack. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢12 bottles in a pack for disposable bottle à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢24 regular bottle shell PRICE STRATEGY Trade Promotion Coca Cola Company presents incentives to middle men or vendors in way that they gives them free models free empty bottles, because of that retailers middle man motivate to push their product in the sell thats the reason coca cola seen more in the market and they have a good sale in the market because according to the expert that product seen more in the market that sells more. Seen as sold The company makes agreements with a shop keepers stores to special sale in those stores. These stores are mainly called as KEY accounts in local words. the Coca Cola Company also invest large budget on these stores gives them free samples some time cash incentives free bottles. Various Price in Different Seasons Some times Coca Cola Company changes their productions prices according to that season. The best season for Pakistan beverage industry is summer. But for winter the scenario in totally posit. Reduce prices to maintain the sales profit. But in general they decrease the prices of their1 litter glass bottle pet bottles. PROMOTION STRATEGIES Getting shelves They takes or do purchase shelves in big departmental stores display their products in that shelves in that style that show product very clear very attractive for the customers. Eye Catching Position Their salesman positions their freezers their products in eye- catching places. Usually the company keeps freezers near the entrance. Sale Promotion Even company does sponsorships with various college schools cafes sponsors their sports many extra curriculum activities for catching market share. Under the crown scheme (UTC Scheme) Coca cola frequent do this type of scheme they offer very attractive prizes in it. Such as once they offer bicycles, caps, cash prizes, tv sets etc. DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS There are two types of selling in Coca Cola Company Direct selling Indirect selling Direct Selling In direct selling they supply using their own transports. They have approximately 450 vehicles to distribute their bottles. Company earn more profit when they use this type of selling . Indirect Selling Company has its whole agencies sellers to cover all the area. Even its so difficult to available the products to customers by their own distribution so they use the whole sellers and agent to distribute products to their consumers. FACILITATING THE PRODUCT BY INFRASTRUCTURE For providing their productions in fine manner company provide infrastructure Such as: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Free empty bottles and shells for bottles à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Freezers à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Display racks à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Vizi cooler ADVERTISEMENT They use many medias à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Billboards and holdings à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Pos material à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Tv commercial à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Print media Print Media They frequently use print media for their advertising. There is a separate department in Coca Cola Company for print media. POS Material Point of sale material that includes: posters stickers display in the stores in different places. TV Commercials As everyone knows that TV is a very popular entertaining medium. So Coke Company does regular TV commercials on different channels. Billboards and Holdings Coca cola is more aware about their billboards holdings. They have lots of sites in different regions for its billboards. EXPECTATIONS FOR THE COMING YEAR Every thing happens because of the consumers behavior. Company identified if they want to attract consumers they must throw the money away. positive felling with the brand, that they used to have Coca Cola wants to advertise its goods heavily in the next coming year. itll take the 10% of their income. when we do take it as an international level it is $ I billion. Next year is the challenging year for the Coca Cola industry. They need to take a lot of decisions that how to enhance the production where they have to spend money. For success in coming year Coca cola need to have some special things such as: 1. Loyal customers are important for success of the company. 2. Workers need to be the brand focus not the promotion focus. 3. They need to understand how much for the brand purposes. 4. They must know that how much to do the promotion work for brand. HOW COKE DECIDES THE ANNUAL BUDGET Coke decides its annual budget by the, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Sales volume à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Target volume à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Profitability Sales Volume Coke decides its annual budget through the volume of sales. They first think on whats the condition of its sales? if the condition is fine of its sales then company certainly increase their production sales If not they think on their older strategies. Profitability: The next thing that they decide budget is the profit. If Coke getting profits with the higher border, then Coke definitely wants to increase their profits in the next years. Every association runs on the basis of receiving higher profits. No the association wants to face failure in their business. To erne profit is the first main concern of Coke. Target Volume: Each every industry has some targets to run their business that they want to achieve in an exact time period. If industry reaches those goals in that period then for the next year it increases the amount of the target. So Coke go after the same thing it has also some objectives targets to complete in the given time schedule. When they succeed to reach that aim then they enhance their target volume in the future. SALES PROMOTION ACTIVITIES Coca-Cola Concerts Coca-Cola Cricket Coca-Cola Wonder of the World Promotion Coca-Cola Food Mela Coca-Cola Basant Festival Coca Cola TV Mazza Coca-Cola GO-RED Coca-Cola Party in a Park Coca-Cola Pet Promotion Coca-Cola Ramzan Campaign Coca-Cola Nokia Coca-Cola Mc Donalds Fanta Sprite Launched Diet Coke Coca-Cola Shopping Festival CONCLUSION Coca Cola without any doubt come the heart beat of Mexicans and Pakistanis. The strategy performance of Coca Cola is working for them the production is gaining attractive with youth daily in Mexico Pakistan. After completing the report, concluded some sort of recommendation for the Coca Cola Company, as follows. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Coca Cola Company should try to highlighting more on supplying their infrastructure in the market to treat their consumers. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢According to a survey, the organization that has dun the survey identified especially Pakistani people like little bit sweeter Coca Cola drink. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Coca Cola marketing team should try to enhance the availability of Coca Cola products in ruralarias. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Coca Cola should also focus the middle age old citizens. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Nowadays young population has a trend to have coke 2 regular bottles at same time, for providing them more satisfaction, company must sagest  ½ liter bottle to the market. There after by concentrating on that, Coca Cola Company can achieve their potential expected vision inside of the immerging markets.

Hot Dogs :: essays research papers

How Hot Dogs Are Made: The Real Story There are many tall tales about the way in which hot dogs are made. I remember when I was a kid, my dad told us that hotdogs are pig fetuses and other bi-products picked up from the floor and thrown into the grinder. To tell you the truth I have thought that ever since I first heard it. It wasn’t until I decided to do a little research on this before gruesome and now pleasant process. First, specially selected meat trimmings of beef and/or pork (just like the meat you buy at the grocery store) is cut or ground into small pieces and placed in a mixer. Poultry hotdogs will obviously use poultry trimmings. High speed, stainless steel choppers blend the meat, spices, ice chips and curing ingredients into a creamy, meaty batter. The batter is constantly weighed to insure that the correct amount of each ingredient is being used. The mixture is then pumped into an automatic linking machine, where it flows into casings. The most popular brands of hot dogs such as, Oscar Meyer or Ball Park use cellulose casings, which are later removed. Some wieners use natural casings, which remain on the wiener when it is eaten. These wieners are considered more traditional, and are usually made by smaller manufacturers and tend to cost a little more. Once the casings are filled, they are linked into long strands of hot dogs and moved to the smokehouse; there they are fully cooked under controlled temperature and humidity conditions. They may be hardwood smoked for added color and flavor. After passing through the smoke and cook cycle, the hot dogs are placed in cool water. If the hot dogs were made with cellulose casings, they are sent to an automatic peeler, where the cellulose skin is stripped away. The individual links are then put through to the packaging equipment. When cellulose casings are used, the hot dogs are of exact size and weight. They are vacuum-sealed in plastic films to protect the freshness and f lavor of the hot dog. Because the casings on natural casings wieners are made from cleaned and processed animal intestines, they are of similar, but not exact, size. Each package of hot dogs contains an ingredient statement, which lists everything that goes into it. These days, it is less common to use variety meats such as hearts in hot dogs.

Escape :: essays research papers

SettingThe story Escape by R.A. Montgomery takes place in the year of AD 2035. The place is in the country of Dorado. It first starts off in a maximum-security prison. The rest of the story takes place in the terrain of Dorado. There are many other little settings that are not important. ThemeIn this story (Escape) there are more than one theme. One of the themes is that don't trust anyone when you are on the run. Another is plan ahead on your escape. There were only two obvious themes to this story. CharacterizationThere are two characters that should be put in characterization. The first one is Milma. She is the leader of the resistance in Dorado. She is in her early thirties. She is a tall, slim woman with long red hair. There is a bounty for her head. The other character is Matt. He is Milma's bodyguard. He is also in his early thirties. He is a build tall man with short, curly blond hair. It is Matt's responsibility to protect and safely get her out of Dorado.Plot Summary1. The spy leader breaks out of a maximum-security prison.2. After you escape you hide in a barn and meet Milma the resistance leader, her bodyguard Matt and a computer specialist named Haven.3. You are waiting at the small runway for your escape plane and there is no plane in sight.4. You decide to go back to town because it was too risky of being caught. 5. You go to Matt's friend Julio's house to stay safe.6. They decide to separate and meet at a safe house in Santa Fe. 7. Secret Agents come to Julio's house to check for the fugitives but they get out in time. They are all out in the back alley when they realize that Haven is not with them.8. You and Matt go back to look for Haven.9. They look around the house for Haven but no sign.10. They go in the kitchen, there was no sound at all. They go in the living room and hear familiar voice say put your hands in the air. It was Haven. He was the Captain of the Secret Police.RecommendationI enjoyed the book Escape. I thought it was very good. It was a very unpredictable book. It kept me on the edge of my seat. If you like adventure books I recommend this book for you.

Oppression of First Nation People

How is it that the indigenous of Canada transpire into the minority and oppressed? Specifically, how are First Nations women vulnerable to multiple prejudices? What are the origins of prejudice & oppression experienced by First Nations women in Canada,   how has this prejudice been maintained, what is its impact and how can it best be addressed? Ever since the late 1400’s when the European discovered North America they brought along with them a practice of domination leaving the first nation people with very little rights forcing them to stand defenceless.Ever since the settlers arrived, the lives of the First Nation people have forever been damaged with the implementation of new ways of living. These changes have created an image of what First Nations people are prejudiced as. These prejudices have lead to stereotypes and even forms of discrimination and racism. Unfortunately, the majority of the beliefs are negative and have been widespread amongst non First Nations people . Some of the unfortunate cultural stereotypes that exist in today’s society are that First Nations people are; poor, uneducated, dirty, bad parents, and alcoholics.These beliefs and attitudes can all be rooted from practices that European settlers have indirectly instilled within Canada’s institutional procedure. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system.The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women. Health care is a direct reflection of the social, political, economic, and ideological relations that exist between patients and the dominant health care system (Browne and Fiske 2001). Internal colon ial politics throughout the years has had a major influence on the dominant health care system in Canada; this has resulted in the marginalization of First Nations people. The colonial legacy of subordination of Aboriginal people has resulted in a ultiple jeopardy for Aboriginal women who face individual and institutional discrimination, and disadvantages on the basis of race, gender, and class (Gerber, 1990; Dion Stout, 1996;Voyageur, 1996). This political reality is alive in the structural and institutional level but most importantly originated from the individual level that has affected the health care experience by First Nations women. According to the 2006 Statistics Canada, First Nations people surpassed the one-million mark, reaching 1,172,790 (Stats Canada, 2006). As the population seems to increase, a linear relationship seems to arise with hopelessness in health.Therefore, as First Nations people population increase so is the disparity in health. In comparison to non- Firs t Nations people, there seems to be a large gap with health care service. It use to be assumed that the reason why First Nations people try to avoid conventional health care and instead prefer using healing and spiritual methods. According to a survey conducted, Waldram (1990) found that urban First Nations people continue to utilize traditional healing practices while living in the city, particularly as a complement to contemporary health.This means that they do in fact use conventional health care but also take part in healing practices. According to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, statistics showed that: †¢The life expectancy of registered Indian women was 6. 9 years fewer than for women in the total population. †¢Mortality rates in were 10. 5 per 1,000 compared to 6. 5 for all women. †¢Unemployment rates in for women on reserve (26. 1%) were more than 2. 5 times higher than for non-Aboriginal women (9. 9%), with overall unemployment on r eserves estimated at 43%. In urban centers, 80% to 90% of Aboriginal female-led households were found to exist below the poverty line, resulting largely from dependence on meagre levels of social assistance (Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, n. d. ). These inequities in health and social indicators are perfect examples of the affect of political and economic factors that influence access to health services (Browne and Fiske 2001). Health care for First Nations people, specifically for those who live in reserve communities receiving federally run services, has been founded on colonial ideology.This allowed and influenced the beginning of dependency of the First Nations people upon the European policy makers (Browne and Fiske 2001). First Nations women have been exceptionally affected. A severe example of oppression in health care was the sterilization of First Nations women in the early 1970s, reportedly without their full consent. During the late 1960s and the e arly 1970s, a policy of involuntary surgical sterilization was imposed upon Native American women, usually without their knowledge or consent (First Nations).This practice was a federally funded service . Such sterilization practices are clearly a blatant breach of the United Nations Genocide Convention, which declares it an international crime to impose â€Å"measures intended to prevent births within [a national, ethnical, racial or religious] group (First Nations). Policies such as these allowed for the First Nations women to stay defenceless. Today there are still many examples of how systemically prejudice still exists.Today, Canadian nurses and physicians often hold and maintain negative stereotypes about aboriginal men, women and children, in turn, provide health care that is not â€Å"culturally sensitive† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For instance, nurses may ask more probing questions regarding domestic violence and make more referrals about suspected child abuse for ab original clients than for white clients. Studies with aboriginal Canadian women also reveal that some participant feel their health concerns are trivialized, dismissed or neglected due to stereotypic beliefs of nurses and physicians (Browne and Fiske 2001).Some aboriginal women have even reported feeling like outsiders who are not entitled to health care services. This indicates that aboriginal people`s negative experience with health care professionals have compromised the quality of care they receive. This then reinforces their perception that aboriginal values are not respected by the western medical establishment and instilled feelings of mistrust toward care providers (Browne and Fiske 2001).Marginalization from dominant political, economic, social, and health sectors arises from and reinforces racial stereotypes that contribute to views of Aboriginal people as â€Å"other† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For example, all those that are recognized as having â€Å"Status Indian s,† members of the First Nation community they are entitled to non-insured health benefits that no other Canadians receive. This has created bitterness and hatred from members of the dominant society with respect to â€Å"free† health services and often is seen as an addition of welfare.Members of the First Nation are acutely aware of the views commonly held by members of the dominant society and recognize that these perceptions contribute to negative stereotypes and the processes of â€Å"othering† that further alienates them from the dominant health sector † (Browne and Fiske 2001). In addition to having the Indian status card, residential school practices have had an influence on individuals. This again is an illustration of political power that had an influence on the mistreatment and abuse of children at these schools.From 1917 to 1946, children of this First Nation were compelled to attend residential school to receive an education (Nelson, 2006). At these schools that are supposed to be a building of which education is suppose to be taught there were many instances of physical and sexual abuses that created a lifetime of fear, humiliation, and mistrust. These abuses and the shame expectancies taught by the very strict teachings of sexual modesty and morality are compounded by the lived experiences of maltreatment (Nelson, 2006).The social harm of enforced residential schooling is enormous; this combined with economic and political relations shape women’s health care. Many First Nations women feel as though there are dismissed by their health care providers. They believe their health concerns or symptoms were not taken seriously. They were either seen as inconsequential or simply dismissed by providers of which predominantly were doctors or Nurses (Nelson, 2006). The nurses and doctors assumed there was nothing wrong before assessing the patient’s condition. Individuals feel as though they have to transforming thei r image to gain credibility.So they feel as though they have to dress up when going to the doctors. The risk of being dismissed was compounded by some women’s reluctance to admit to pain or to outwardly express suffering, which is what they had been taught by their Catholic teachers in residential school (Nelson, 2006). Therefore, they are more likely to wait until there condition is severe before seeking services, since past experiences cause them to fear that she will be dismissed by her provider. In addition, health care providers stereotype First Nations women as being very passive participants in health care.But what they fail to realize is that they again were taught specific ways of expressing respect one of which was to act unassertive (Nelson, 2006). Another prejudice that First Nations encounter by health care providers are the judgments on the women as mothers. Extreme actions are usually taken by hospital staff based on assumptions. This is also another factor lea ding to individuals trying to transform themselves. They try to change their appearance so that they look like credible medical subjects to be treated equally as the every other patient.Often a difficult task when First Nation people feel like outsiders. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system. The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women.The implications of providing health care to Aboriginal women must be critically analyzed to consider the unique social, political, economic, and historical factors influencing health care encounters at individual and institutional levels (Nelson, 2006). Women of First Natio ns are aware of the different ways in which racial and gendered stereotypes and economic privation can influence the health care they receive (Nelson, 2006). Health care is a basic necessity that many of us take for granted. This disadvantage is also a representation of a First Nations woman`s everyday social experience.The tendency of Western nurses and doctors to bracket out the sociological and political context of health care encounters involving Aboriginal patients, however, stems from their professional socialization and predominantly middle-class values (O’Neil, 1989). It has been proven that there is in fact an institutional and colonial relationship with health care. Institutions are powerful symbols of Canada`s recent colonial past that currently affects Canadians. First Nations patient today are experiencing discriminatory behaviour from health care providers and as a result disempowering them.The difficulty has been addressed and the time now is to solve this prob lem. Given the political and ideological context of relations between First Nations people and the Canadian state, power imbalances that give rise to the women’s concerns regarding their health care are unlikely to be redressed without radical changes in the current sociological and political environment (Nelson, 2006). Health practitioners as well as policy makers would need to integrate their work to create health care policies, practices, and educational programs.Moreover, since we are fully aware that systemic institutionalizations are originally rooted from individuals the approach to solve this problem would be by trying to reduce prejudice by changing the prejudiced individual (Morrison & Morrison, 2008). It seemed fairly obvious that because prejudice originated from the one who was doing the stereotyping that if society wants to reduce or eliminate such behaviour, it ought to direct its attention to changing that individual (Morrison & Morrison, 2008).Thus reduction efforts using education, ad role playing, propaganda and confrontation techniques are examples of attempts to reduce prejudice (Morrison & Morrison, 2008). The shift in individual behaviours will in turn change mainstream health care. References Browne, A. J. , and Fiske, J. (2001). First Nations women’s encounters with mainstream health care services. Western Journal of Nursing, 23, 126- 147. Dion Stout, M. D. (1996). Aboriginal Canada:Women and health. Paper prepared for the Canada-U. S. A. Forum onWomen’s Health [Online]. Ottawa, Canada. Available: http://www. c-sc. gc. ca/canusa/papers/canada/english/indigen. htm Forced Sterilization of Native Americans. (n. d. ). In Encyclopedia Net Industries online. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia. jrank. org/articles/pages/6242/Forced-Sterilization-of-Native-Americans. html Gerber, L. M. (1990). Multiple jeopardy: A socio-economic comparison of men and women among the Indian, Metis and Inuit peoples of Canada. Canadian Ethni c Studies, 22(3), 69-84. Morrison, G. T. , & Morrison, A. M. (Eds. ). (2008). The psychology of Modern Prejudice. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Nelson, D.T. (2006). The Psychology of Prejudice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. O’Neil, J. D. (1989). The cultural and political context of patient dissatisfaction in cross-cultural clinical encounters: A Canadian Inuit study. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 3(4), 325-344 Stats Canada. (2006). First Nations Health Care. Retrieved from http://www12. statcan. ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng. cfm Voyageur, C. J. (1996). Contemporary Indian women. In D. A. Long & O. P. Dickason (Eds. ), Visions of the heart: Canadian aboriginal issues (pp. 93-115). Toronto, Canada: Harcourt Brace Oppression of First Nation People How is it that the indigenous of Canada transpire into the minority and oppressed? Specifically, how are First Nations women vulnerable to multiple prejudices? What are the origins of prejudice & oppression experienced by First Nations women in Canada,   how has this prejudice been maintained, what is its impact and how can it best be addressed? Ever since the late 1400’s when the European discovered North America they brought along with them a practice of domination leaving the first nation people with very little rights forcing them to stand defenceless.Ever since the settlers arrived, the lives of the First Nation people have forever been damaged with the implementation of new ways of living. These changes have created an image of what First Nations people are prejudiced as. These prejudices have lead to stereotypes and even forms of discrimination and racism. Unfortunately, the majority of the beliefs are negative and have been widespread amongst non First Nations people . Some of the unfortunate cultural stereotypes that exist in today’s society are that First Nations people are; poor, uneducated, dirty, bad parents, and alcoholics.These beliefs and attitudes can all be rooted from practices that European settlers have indirectly instilled within Canada’s institutional procedure. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system.The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women. Health care is a direct reflection of the social, political, economic, and ideological relations that exist between patients and the dominant health care system (Browne and Fiske 2001). Internal colon ial politics throughout the years has had a major influence on the dominant health care system in Canada; this has resulted in the marginalization of First Nations people. The colonial legacy of subordination of Aboriginal people has resulted in a ultiple jeopardy for Aboriginal women who face individual and institutional discrimination, and disadvantages on the basis of race, gender, and class (Gerber, 1990; Dion Stout, 1996;Voyageur, 1996). This political reality is alive in the structural and institutional level but most importantly originated from the individual level that has affected the health care experience by First Nations women. According to the 2006 Statistics Canada, First Nations people surpassed the one-million mark, reaching 1,172,790 (Stats Canada, 2006). As the population seems to increase, a linear relationship seems to arise with hopelessness in health.Therefore, as First Nations people population increase so is the disparity in health. In comparison to non- Firs t Nations people, there seems to be a large gap with health care service. It use to be assumed that the reason why First Nations people try to avoid conventional health care and instead prefer using healing and spiritual methods. According to a survey conducted, Waldram (1990) found that urban First Nations people continue to utilize traditional healing practices while living in the city, particularly as a complement to contemporary health.This means that they do in fact use conventional health care but also take part in healing practices. According to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, statistics showed that: †¢The life expectancy of registered Indian women was 6. 9 years fewer than for women in the total population. †¢Mortality rates in were 10. 5 per 1,000 compared to 6. 5 for all women. †¢Unemployment rates in for women on reserve (26. 1%) were more than 2. 5 times higher than for non-Aboriginal women (9. 9%), with overall unemployment on r eserves estimated at 43%. In urban centers, 80% to 90% of Aboriginal female-led households were found to exist below the poverty line, resulting largely from dependence on meagre levels of social assistance (Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, n. d. ). These inequities in health and social indicators are perfect examples of the affect of political and economic factors that influence access to health services (Browne and Fiske 2001). Health care for First Nations people, specifically for those who live in reserve communities receiving federally run services, has been founded on colonial ideology.This allowed and influenced the beginning of dependency of the First Nations people upon the European policy makers (Browne and Fiske 2001). First Nations women have been exceptionally affected. A severe example of oppression in health care was the sterilization of First Nations women in the early 1970s, reportedly without their full consent. During the late 1960s and the e arly 1970s, a policy of involuntary surgical sterilization was imposed upon Native American women, usually without their knowledge or consent (First Nations).This practice was a federally funded service . Such sterilization practices are clearly a blatant breach of the United Nations Genocide Convention, which declares it an international crime to impose â€Å"measures intended to prevent births within [a national, ethnical, racial or religious] group (First Nations). Policies such as these allowed for the First Nations women to stay defenceless. Today there are still many examples of how systemically prejudice still exists.Today, Canadian nurses and physicians often hold and maintain negative stereotypes about aboriginal men, women and children, in turn, provide health care that is not â€Å"culturally sensitive† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For instance, nurses may ask more probing questions regarding domestic violence and make more referrals about suspected child abuse for ab original clients than for white clients. Studies with aboriginal Canadian women also reveal that some participant feel their health concerns are trivialized, dismissed or neglected due to stereotypic beliefs of nurses and physicians (Browne and Fiske 2001).Some aboriginal women have even reported feeling like outsiders who are not entitled to health care services. This indicates that aboriginal people`s negative experience with health care professionals have compromised the quality of care they receive. This then reinforces their perception that aboriginal values are not respected by the western medical establishment and instilled feelings of mistrust toward care providers (Browne and Fiske 2001).Marginalization from dominant political, economic, social, and health sectors arises from and reinforces racial stereotypes that contribute to views of Aboriginal people as â€Å"other† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For example, all those that are recognized as having â€Å"Status Indian s,† members of the First Nation community they are entitled to non-insured health benefits that no other Canadians receive. This has created bitterness and hatred from members of the dominant society with respect to â€Å"free† health services and often is seen as an addition of welfare.Members of the First Nation are acutely aware of the views commonly held by members of the dominant society and recognize that these perceptions contribute to negative stereotypes and the processes of â€Å"othering† that further alienates them from the dominant health sector † (Browne and Fiske 2001). In addition to having the Indian status card, residential school practices have had an influence on individuals. This again is an illustration of political power that had an influence on the mistreatment and abuse of children at these schools.From 1917 to 1946, children of this First Nation were compelled to attend residential school to receive an education (Nelson, 2006). At these schools that are supposed to be a building of which education is suppose to be taught there were many instances of physical and sexual abuses that created a lifetime of fear, humiliation, and mistrust. These abuses and the shame expectancies taught by the very strict teachings of sexual modesty and morality are compounded by the lived experiences of maltreatment (Nelson, 2006).The social harm of enforced residential schooling is enormous; this combined with economic and political relations shape women’s health care. Many First Nations women feel as though there are dismissed by their health care providers. They believe their health concerns or symptoms were not taken seriously. They were either seen as inconsequential or simply dismissed by providers of which predominantly were doctors or Nurses (Nelson, 2006). The nurses and doctors assumed there was nothing wrong before assessing the patient’s condition. Individuals feel as though they have to transforming thei r image to gain credibility.So they feel as though they have to dress up when going to the doctors. The risk of being dismissed was compounded by some women’s reluctance to admit to pain or to outwardly express suffering, which is what they had been taught by their Catholic teachers in residential school (Nelson, 2006). Therefore, they are more likely to wait until there condition is severe before seeking services, since past experiences cause them to fear that she will be dismissed by her provider. In addition, health care providers stereotype First Nations women as being very passive participants in health care.But what they fail to realize is that they again were taught specific ways of expressing respect one of which was to act unassertive (Nelson, 2006). Another prejudice that First Nations encounter by health care providers are the judgments on the women as mothers. Extreme actions are usually taken by hospital staff based on assumptions. This is also another factor lea ding to individuals trying to transform themselves. They try to change their appearance so that they look like credible medical subjects to be treated equally as the every other patient.Often a difficult task when First Nation people feel like outsiders. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system. The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women.The implications of providing health care to Aboriginal women must be critically analyzed to consider the unique social, political, economic, and historical factors influencing health care encounters at individual and institutional levels (Nelson, 2006). Women of First Natio ns are aware of the different ways in which racial and gendered stereotypes and economic privation can influence the health care they receive (Nelson, 2006). Health care is a basic necessity that many of us take for granted. This disadvantage is also a representation of a First Nations woman`s everyday social experience.The tendency of Western nurses and doctors to bracket out the sociological and political context of health care encounters involving Aboriginal patients, however, stems from their professional socialization and predominantly middle-class values (O’Neil, 1989). It has been proven that there is in fact an institutional and colonial relationship with health care. Institutions are powerful symbols of Canada`s recent colonial past that currently affects Canadians. First Nations patient today are experiencing discriminatory behaviour from health care providers and as a result disempowering them.The difficulty has been addressed and the time now is to solve this prob lem. Given the political and ideological context of relations between First Nations people and the Canadian state, power imbalances that give rise to the women’s concerns regarding their health care are unlikely to be redressed without radical changes in the current sociological and political environment (Nelson, 2006). Health practitioners as well as policy makers would need to integrate their work to create health care policies, practices, and educational programs.Moreover, since we are fully aware that systemic institutionalizations are originally rooted from individuals the approach to solve this problem would be by trying to reduce prejudice by changing the prejudiced individual (Morrison & Morrison, 2008). It seemed fairly obvious that because prejudice originated from the one who was doing the stereotyping that if society wants to reduce or eliminate such behaviour, it ought to direct its attention to changing that individual (Morrison & Morrison, 2008).Thus reduction efforts using education, ad role playing, propaganda and confrontation techniques are examples of attempts to reduce prejudice (Morrison & Morrison, 2008). The shift in individual behaviours will in turn change mainstream health care. References Browne, A. J. , and Fiske, J. (2001). First Nations women’s encounters with mainstream health care services. Western Journal of Nursing, 23, 126- 147. Dion Stout, M. D. (1996). Aboriginal Canada:Women and health. Paper prepared for the Canada-U. S. A. Forum onWomen’s Health [Online]. Ottawa, Canada. Available: http://www. c-sc. gc. ca/canusa/papers/canada/english/indigen. htm Forced Sterilization of Native Americans. (n. d. ). In Encyclopedia Net Industries online. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia. jrank. org/articles/pages/6242/Forced-Sterilization-of-Native-Americans. html Gerber, L. M. (1990). Multiple jeopardy: A socio-economic comparison of men and women among the Indian, Metis and Inuit peoples of Canada. Canadian Ethni c Studies, 22(3), 69-84. Morrison, G. T. , & Morrison, A. M. (Eds. ). (2008). The psychology of Modern Prejudice. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Nelson, D.T. (2006). The Psychology of Prejudice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. O’Neil, J. D. (1989). The cultural and political context of patient dissatisfaction in cross-cultural clinical encounters: A Canadian Inuit study. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 3(4), 325-344 Stats Canada. (2006). First Nations Health Care. Retrieved from http://www12. statcan. ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng. cfm Voyageur, C. J. (1996). Contemporary Indian women. In D. A. Long & O. P. Dickason (Eds. ), Visions of the heart: Canadian aboriginal issues (pp. 93-115). Toronto, Canada: Harcourt Brace