Self-reliance Essay -- essays research papers

1.&9The essay that I elected to read and crumble was "Self-Reliance" by Ralph Waldo Emerson.2.&9The Transcendental Movement held a strong opinion that single should have complete faith in oneself. Emerson, being an devouring(a) transcendentalist, believed in this philosophy. He supported this concept that we should rely on our own intuition and beliefs. "Trust thyself every heart vibrates to that iron string." Emerson, along with the Transcendental Movement, believed in the vitality of self-reliance. One must have confidence and belief in oneself. "the only right is what is after my constitution the only wrong what is against it." Once one has reliance upon oneself, he can generate his own set of ideals and morals, not just the ideals bestowed upon him by society. In obeying these principles of life, he has created a constitution of his own. This constitution is the steer light of his life it leads the way to truth and ultimate liberation and provides the right path to follow.This idea brings about the transcendental concept of the belief in the deserving of the individual. The individual, in transcendental philosophy, has the power to accomplish anything and everything. Social organization and friendship offer a small satisfaction of companionship and structure in life, yet one will ultimately succeed based upon his own skills and conviction. In doing so, he will lose interest in the society and concentrate on more individual dependency as he strives to gain ultimate truth in life. "What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the mess think." Once one considers less the social ramifications of his actions and considers more the personal consequences, he will become more apt to discover what he is looking for in the transcendentalists case, it was the meaning of life.3.&9a).&9"To be great is to be misunderstood."&9This statement was used by Emerson to explain the lagging growth of the conception of ideas and perspective of his generation. Original and novel ideas were and still ar scorned by those who believe that the best method for learning is repetition and memorization. When one comes up with a groundbreaking idea, it is generally disregarded because so-called "experts" do not agree with it. This is because soci... ...ing is uncomfortable, we should leave. Conformity with society has disabled this aspect of human nature, and I feel that it is something that needs to be addressed.4.&9We should not conform to the preconceived laws of society. When we dislike something, we should not hesitate to be different and oppose. Believe in the power of the individual, and learn to depend on yourself, in order to achieve greatness.5.&9In reading this essay, I saw many viewpoints on life that I have never seen before. They are opinions that are different from what is normal, and they are sometimes abrupt and shocking. Some of the opinions are opinions that I can relate with others were completely out of the ballpark. I was surprised, and a shortsighted excited to read many of the philosophies that Emerson held to be the great truths of this world. Emerson had many ideas that can benefit the world today they can help societies evolve into better places for mint to live. They also provide a call for humans to evolve from conforming automatons to individuals who do and say what they feel. These thought that Emerson conveyed moved me and made me realize how precious our release will and judgement are.

Brothers Relationship in Baldwins Sonnys Blues :: Sonnys Blues Essays

Brothers Relationship in Baldwins Sonnys Blues Sipiora states that, Characters often perceive (or fail to perceive) the context and implications of the circumstances and relationships they are in. Some characters act in good faith, whereas others do not. As we examine literary personae, it is especially important to judge them in terms of how they react to others (77) As Sonnys Blues opens, the narrator tells of his discovery that his younger brother has been arrested for selling and using heroin. Both brothers grew up in Harlem, a neighborhood rife with poverty and despair. Though the narrator teaches school in Harlem, he distances himself emotionally from the people who live there and their struggles and is somewhat judgmental and superior. He loves his brother but is distanced from him as well and judgmental of his life and decisions. Though Sonny needs for his brother to gain what he is move to communicate to him and why he makes the choices he makes, the narrator cannot or w ill not hear what Sonny is trying to convey. In distancing himself from the pain of upbringing and his surroundings, he has insulated himself from the ability to develop an understanding of his brothers motivations and instead, his disapproval of Sonnys choice to become a participant and his choices regarding the direction of his life in general is apparent. Before her death, his mother spoke with him regarding his responsibilities to Sonny, telling him, You got to hold on to your brother...and dont let him fall, no matter what it looks like is happening to him and no matter how repulsiveness you get with him...you may not be able to stop nothing from happening. But you got to let him know youre there (87) His unwillingness to in truth hear and understand what his brother is trying to tell him is an example of a character failing to act in good faith. The narrators disapproval of Sonnys decision to become a harmonyian stems in part from his view of musicians in general. His expe riences with musicians have led him to believe that they are unmotivated, drug users, seeking only escape from life. He does not really understand what motivates Sonny to play music until the afternoon before he accompanies Sonny to his performance at a club in Harlem. That afternoon, Sonny explains to him that music is his voice, his way of expressing his suffering and releasing his pent-up feelings.

Sotos Black Hair Essay -- Soto Black Hair Essays

Sotos Black HairThe title of Sotos Black Hair is rattling ordinary. The image that forms from the color black serving as an adjective to describe the common noun hair paints a mundane picture that does not allow for every analysis beneath this concrete image. But in cases where the title is not an attention getter, the content of the poem is usually more of a challenge and Sotos Black Hair is a perfect example. As the title suggests, there are many concrete images and figures presented throughout the poem, but after a finish reading it is apparent that the underlying themes of family and culture lay beneath these tangible images through the poetic elements of the metonymy, the metaphor, color imagery, and the pun.The poem begins by introducing the main figure in the poem, a naturally talented baseball player named bullyrag Moreno. To the storyteller, the game of baseball is more than just a simple game, it is a figure Hector Moreno (6). Describing Hector Moreno initially as a fig ure closely associated with the game of baseball shows just how revered a person Hector is in the storytellers mind. This image of Hector Moreno is quite concrete, but as the poem continues, the narrator expresses to the reader that his father died sometime during his childhood, as his fathers face no durable hangs over the knock back (18). Suddenly the image of Hector Moreno is not as concrete as it first appears, especially through the lines leading up to Morenos first appearance on the baseball field in the lengthening shade (4-5). The shadow of the narrators father over the dinner table when he was a boy has now taken the form of Morenos figure in the shade over the baseball field since the narrators father has died. This initial me... ...se, watching Moreno touch home plate is like the narrator being welcomed into the arms of the brown people (30). Because of his difficult home life, the narrator finds comfort and love in the midst of baseball and his Mexican culture. Sotos Black Hair is a perfect example of a poem that is useful through close analysis of certain concrete images which hold the key to the foundation of the poem and its underlying themes. In this poem, the universal themes of family and culture are unavowed under the figure of Hector Moreno, the image of the narrators hair, as well as the extended baseball metaphor about culture. Although the title may seem ordinary at first glance, the challenge that the poem presents through its connection of concrete images and themes is very intriguing, and the themes are made clear through the effective use of certain poetic elements.

Sheilas Comment Explaining the Action of the Play :: Sheila An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestley Essays

Sheilas Comment Explaining the Action of the PlayWell he inspected us all righ surrounded by us we drove that girlTo commit suicideThis sentence is very important to the story because Sheila realisesthat the quizzer is not a real inspector just now he has inspected themand they lost against him and it was them, each member of the familywho contributed to Eva smiths death. We will learn in this essay howeach family member is a contributor to the death of an innocentperson, Eva Smith and to a fault how the inspector inspects the family usinghis power not physically but verbally and how he does the inspection.We learnt about how each person from the Birlings family effects EvaSmith withal a good person like Gerald and a bad person like Mr Birlingso it is necessary to explain how each character acts towards EvaSmith. unite with this we learn from the story that an inspectorwith the name of Goole comes to inspect them all.The first person that strikes on Eva Smith is Mr Birling. Mr Bi rlingis a very rich person. He has a prosperous business but is shown to beextremely greedy and very ironic. His extreme greediness concludes toEva Smith loosing her job, which was the first hit on Eva Smith. EvaSmith is a very hardworking woman who works for Mr Birling in hisfactory. She is getting very fed up due to the low wage he pays andwhich she cannot locomote on. She and the other ringleaders areplanning on to go on strike after there holidays. Eva Smith after theholidays goes and asks Mr Birling for an increase to 26 Shillings aweek which he refuses saying, I could not consider it and then sacksher is pretty sad and very evil of him to do that. It also shows methe time of period where women were protesting for their rights and liberty and women also died for their rights. So firstcontributor to Eva Smiths death his Mr Birling because he throws herout of her job because he did not want to give her the increase. Youwill also learn of his bad and evil personality as the essay proceeds.As I have said before he is very ironic. Before the inspector comes into inspect them they are having a party because Mr Birlings daughteris engaged to Gerald. Here Mr Birling is telling his son Eric and hisfuture son in law of nature how life is and what is going to happen. His sonEric is talking about a possible war.

Women in Sports - NCAA vs. AIAW :: Sports Essays Women

NCAA vs. AIAWWomen have faced an uphill battle throughout the history of sports whether it is to be able to grapple in sports, to attain equal funding for programs, to have access to facilities, or a number of other obstacles that have been thrown in their ways. Women have had to excogitate and administer their own sports structure rather than compete within the mens structure that existed. The sheer strength and determination of many women sports heroes is what propels womens sport to keep going. unity theme that has predominantly surfaced in this fight though is the merging of womens programs with mens, oftentimes lonesome(prenominal) when they are successful enough to stand alone on their own.When womanish athletes wanted to participate in tournaments and intercollegiate play they had to cultivate their own league, since the NCAA would not accept womens teams. Many women fought long and hard in order to form the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 19 72, and even harder to make it the successful league it eventually became. The AIAW gained corporate sponsors and television coverage of their national championship and overly catapulted womens basketball into the forefront of athletics worldwide. In 1976, just now four years after the formation of the AIAW, womens basketball debuted at the Olympics. At the end of its reign the AIAW had created 42 national championships and moved from a 276 charter member institution into an organization consisting of 971 institutional members (Hult). In 1979 Title IX was passed, giving female athletes a coarse step towards achieving their goals but possibly giving the AIAW its defeating blow. With the passage of Title IX came funding for womens sports that was not present prior to this. Suddenly womens athletics were more than just a game, they were profitable sports and men took note of this. Most educational institutions merged their mens and womens physical education and athletic departments . Since this new athletic department had twice the staff that was needed, women athletic director and administrators were sent down to secondary positions. Men were now controlling womens athletics, one domain where women had ruled for the past decade. Male coaches werent the only ones to notice the potential profit included in womens athletics the NCAA began to make serious offers to AIAW about merging. Because the NCAA had not prior to this considered the AIAW an equal until womens athletics had potential for television contracts and national championships, the AIAW refused these offers.

Women in Sports - NCAA vs. AIAW :: Sports Essays Women

NCAA vs. AIAWWomen have faced an uphill battle throughout the history of sports whether it is to be able to compete in sports, to attain equal funding for programs, to have access to facilities, or a number of other obstacles that have been thrown in their ways. Women have had to organize and lot their own sports structure rather than compete within the mens structure that existed. The sheer strength and determination of many women sports heroes is what propels womens sport to keep going. One groundwork that has predominantly surfaced in this fight though is the merging of womens programs with mens, oftentimes only when they are successful enough to stand alone on their own.When female athletes precious to participate in tournaments and intercollegiate play they had to form their own league, since the NCAA would not accept womens teams. Many women fought long and hard in order to form the standoff of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) in 1972, and even harder to make it th e successful league it eventually became. The AIAW gained corporate sponsors and television coverage of their home(a) championship and also catapulted womens basketball into the forefront of athletics worldwide. In 1976, just four years after the formation of the AIAW, womens basketball debuted at the Olympics. At the end of its reign the AIAW had created 42 matter championships and moved from a 276 charter member institution into an organization consisting of 971 institutional members (Hult). In 1979 Title IX was passed, giving female athletes a huge clapperclaw towards achieving their goals but possibly giving the AIAW its defeating blow. With the passage of Title IX came funding for womens sports that was not present prior to this. Suddenly womens athletics were more than just a game, they were profitable sports and men took note of this. Most educational institutions merged their mens and womens physical education and athletic departments. Since this new athletic department had twice the supply that was needed, women athletic director and administrators were sent down to secondary positions. Men were now controlling womens athletics, one domain where women had ruled for the past decade. Male coaches werent the only ones to notification the potential profit included in womens athletics the NCAA began to make serious offers to AIAW about merging. Because the NCAA had not prior to this considered the AIAW an equal until womens athletics had potential for television contracts and national championships, the AIAW refused these offers.

Genetics 301 Sample Final Examination

Genetics 301 Sample Final Examination Spring 2003 50 Multiple Choice Questions(Choose the best answer)1. A cross between two true breeding lines one with dark blue flowers and one with bright white flowers produces F1 offspring that are light blue. When the F1 take are selfed a 121 ratio of dark blue to light blue to white flowers is observed. What genetic phenomenon is consistent with these results?a. epistasisb. fractional dominancec. codominanced. inbreeding depressione. random mating2. Mutations which occur in body cells which do non go on to form gametes can be sort asa. auxotrophic mutationsb. somatic mutationsc. morphological mutationsd. oncogenese. temperature sensitive mutations3. What would be the frequency of AABBCC individuals from a mating of two AaBbCc individuals?a.. 1/64b. 1/32c. 1/16d. 1/8e. 3/16f. 1/44. The stage of meiosis in which chromosomes pair and cross over isa. prophase Ib. metaphase Ic. prophase IId. metaphase IIe. anaphase II25. Polyploidy refers toa. exceptional copies of a gene adjacent to for each one other(a) on a chromosomeb. an individual with complete extra sets of chromosomesc. a chromosome which has replicated but not dividedd. multiple ribosomes present on a single mribonucleic acide. an inversion which does not include the centromere6. A gene showing codominance-a. has both(prenominal) alleles nonsymbioticly expressed in the heterozygoteb. has one allele dominant to the otherc. has alleles tightly linked on the similar chromosomed. has alleles expressed at the same quantify in developmente. has alleles that are recessive to each other7. The phenomenon of independent assortment refers toa. expression at the same stage of developmentb. unlinked transmission of genes in crosses resulting from being located on different chromsomes, or far apart on the same chromosome.c. association of an RNA and a protein implying related functiond. independent location of genes from each other in an interphase celle. association o f a protein and a DNA sequence implying related function8. Mendels law of segregation, as use to the behavior of chromosomes in meiosis, means thata. pairing of homologs will convert one allele into the other, leading to separation of the types.b. alleles of a gene separate from each other when homologs separate in meiosis I, or in meiosis II if there is a single crossover between the gene and the centromere.c. genes on the same chromosome will show 50% recombinationd. alleles of a gene will be linked and passed on together through meiosis9. Which component of transcribed RNA in eukaryotes is present in the initial transcript but is removed before translation occursa. Intronb. 3 Poly A tailc. Ribosome binding officed. 5 cape. codons coding for the protein to be produced310. Choose the correct statement just about the genetic code.a. includes 61 codons for amino acids and 3 stop codonsb. almost prevalent exactly the same in most genetic systemsc. three bases per codond. some amino acids are coded by multiple codonse. all of the above11. X-chromosome inactivationa. usually takes place in males but not femalesb. is the cause of the Y chromosome being genetically inactivec. takes place in humans so that the same X chromosome is inactive in all of the cells of a femaled. occurs in fruit flies but not in mammals e. results in genetically turning off one of the two X chromosomes in female mammals12. DNA ligase isa. an enzyme that joins fragments in normal DNA replicationb. an enzyme involved in protein synthesisc. an enzyme of bacterial origin which cuts DNA at defined base sequencesd. an enzyme that facilitates transcription of specific genese. an enzyme which limits the level to which a particular nutrient reaches13. An Hfr strain of E. coli containsa. a vector of yeast or bacterial origin which is used to make many copies of a particular DNA sequenceb. a bacterial chromosome with a human gene insertedc. a bacterial chromosome with the F factor insertedd. a hu man chromosome with a transposable element insertede. a bacterial chromosome with a phage inserted414. An experiment was conducted in E. coli to social function the following genes (pro, his, bio, met, phe and trp) on a circular map using 3 different Hfr strains.Strain 1 Order of transfer (early to late) trp met his proStrain 2 Order of transfer (early to late) his met trp bioStrain 3 Order of transfer (early to late) pro phe bio trpBased on the results what is the most likely map? a. b. c. d.15. Generation of antibody diversity in vertebrate animals takes place through a. the presence of as many genes in the germ line as there are types of antibodies possible.b. infection with bacteria carrying antibody genesc. infection with viruses carrying antibody genesd. polyploidy in antibody-forming cellse. rearrangement of DNA in tissues that go on to produce antibodies16. Replication of DNA a. takes place in a conservative mannerb. takes place in a dispersive mannerc. takes place in a se mi-conservative mannerd. usually involves one origin of replication per chromosome in eukaryotese. takes place only in the 3 to 5 direction trp pro his phe met bio trp pro bio met phe his phe met bio pro trp his trp pro met bio phe his517. A duplication isa. an exchange between non-homologous chromosomes, resulting in chromosomes with new genes adjacent to each other.b. loss of genes in part of a chromosome c. an extra copy of the genes on part of a chromosomed. a reversal of order of genes on a chromosomee. an extra set of chromosomes in an organism18. What is the co-transduction frequency for the A and B genes, from the following dataset? (Assume that there has been selection for the A+ form of the A gene).Genotype Number A+B+ C+ 10 A+B+ C- 30 A+ B- C+ 20 A+ B- C- 40a. .10b. .20c. .30d. .40e. .50 19. A mutation in a codon leads to the substitution of one amino acid with another. What is the name for this type of mutation?a. nonsense mutationb. missense mutationc. frameshift mutati ond. promoter muttione. operator mutation20. affair of human chromosomesa. has been restricted to the sex chromosomes because of small family sizesb. proceeded much more successfully as large numbers of DNA markers became available.c. has determined that the number of linkage groups is about twice the number of chromosomesd. has demonstrated that almost all of the DNA is involved in coding for genese. has shown that there are more genes on the Y than on the X chromosome6

Mine safety and environmental health challenges

1. Sketch some of the cardinal wellness and guard duty ch every last(predicate)enges that is faced by a excavation company you be familiar with.The in bodyry has experienced both high effect low frequence events ( catastrophes such as Moura and Gretley ) every spell good as low frequence high events ( such as faux pass, strains and falls ) contri exclusivelye to the in corpsery s high lost ramble on hurt rate ( LTIR ) . It has anyhow had its portion of occupational diseases. Historically, pneumonocosis ( lung disease ca utilize by inspiration of mineral dust ) , asbestosis and mesothelioma have been cardinal countries of concern. nvirtuosose, quiver and weariness ar issues of important wellness concerns. The direction and control of major jeopardies associated with structural prostrations, fires and detonations be cardinal safety issues of the twenty-four hours.MouraDuring the past 40 old ages at that beam have been three mining catastrophes in the Moura dominion at a cost of 36 lives.The first occurred at Kianga Mine on 20 family line 1975. Thirteen mineworkers died from an detonation which was found to hold been initiated by self-generated burning. The mine was sealed and the organic structures of the work forces were neer recovered.The second occurred on 16 July 1986 at Moura No 4 Mine when 12 mineworkers died from an detonation idea to hold been initiated by one of two possible beginnings, viz. frictional ignition or a flame safety lamp. The organic structures of the mineworkers, in this instance, were recovered.The tierce of the catastrophes occurred on 7 August 1994 at Moura No 2 Mine. On this juncture eleven mineworkers died as a consequence of an detonation. The mine was sealed and, at this jog, the organic structures have non been recovered.2. What is the model of the mine safety statute law in your kingdom/country?Since Australia is a federation of state of matters, to each one province companys reveal its ain Torahs, which include its ain regulative criterions for occupational wellness and safety. At get downing, each province was dis unite and used the old wellness codifications ( i.e. , statute law ) and criterions from the British ashes. This system relied to a great extent upon really specific ( i.e. , Numberss base ) system which was easy to implement and simple to understand. However jobs ensured as clip and engineering progressed which led to the wellness and safety reform that began in 1972.The Current manikin for Mine pencil eraser in Australia in 3 waysRegulations under a ordinary OHS actuate ( VIC/SA/TAS/NT )In separate Mine sentry duty morsels and Regulations ( WA/QLD )In separate mine Safety Act and Regulations Subordinate to a general OHS Act ( NSW )Since Victoria is my province, the undermentioned legalization will be used under 3 chief classs given as below. grievous Goods ActEnvironment Protection ACTOccupational Health and Safety Regulationsa ) As per Occupational Health and Safety RegulationsOccupational Health and Safety Act 2004. Act No. 107/2004 Enabling act. Sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to occupational wellness and safety ( OHS ) .Occupational Health and Safety Regulations 2007, Statutory Rule No. 54/2007 Specifies the manner in which a responsibility imposed by the OHS Act must be performed, or prescribe procedural or administrative affairs to back up the OHS Act ( eg requiring licenses for specific activities, the maintaining of records or giving notice ) .WorkSafe Positions atomic number 18 guidelines made under subdivision 12 of the OHS Act that province how WorkSafe will use the OHS Act or Regulations or exert discretion under a proviso of the OHS Act or Regulations. WorkSafe Positions are intended to grant certainty to duty holders and other affected partiesB ) As per Environment Protection ACT variance No. 171, Environment Protection Act 1970, No. 8056 of 1970, Version integrating amendments as at 1 Janua ry 2010.This sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Environment Protection Act. grad Celsius ) As per Dangerous Goods ActThis sets out the cardinal rules, responsibilities and rights in relation to Dangerous Goods Act. But here separately they all made for single classs as mentioned.Version No. 081Dangerous Goods Act 1985No. 10189 of 1985Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2010Version No. 003Dangerous Goods ( HCDG ) Regulations 2005S.R. No. 96/2005Version as at 14 March 2008Version No. 005Dangerous Goods ( Storage and Handling ) Regulations 2000S.R. No. 127/2000Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 2009Version No. 001Dangerous Goods ( Transport by Road or Rail ) Regulations 2008S.R. No. 166/2008Version as at 1 January 2009Version No. 013Dangerous Goods ( Explosives ) Regulations 2000S.R. No. 61/2000Version integrating amendments as at 1 January 20093. Robens suggested two cardinal issues were of import in accomplishing high criter ions of safety.What are these two key issue?Where in the Act ( or decree ) are these two issues addressed in themine safety statute law of your state/country?In 1972, the British Robens require sought to modify the old codifications of pattern utilizing two base principals.The first rule recognised the constrict aim to unite all the difference OHS Torahs under one system. It was proposed that this would be accomplished by making general duties into one opinion ( Robens Report, para 41 ) .The 2nd rule ob arranged that a ego ordinance theoretical account be implemented where workers and decision relieve oneselfrs come together in score addition the criterions of wellness and safety ( Robens Report, para 41 ) .The federal finish slayicial Government in 1985 passed statute law to organize the so National Occupational Health and Safety Commission ( NOHSC ) though, because Australia is a federation, each state/ filth has to sign federal statute law in order to for the committee ( NOHSC ) to be apart of the Commonwealth and hence have any legal evidences. each province reformed OHS Torahs, based on the Robens theoretical account and beyond.In fact, the OHS ope judge in a three manner system. The first is the general responsibilities which cover all employees irrespective of occupation position ( Internet Explorer, contracted or non ) and require the employee as practically possible to guarantee a safe on the job(p) milieu. The 2nd are the provisions in regulations are compulsory Torahs that are specific to each province. Finally, codifications of pattern are used as counsel which set the criterions for the general responsibility of attention. These aid in prepareing criterions the responsibility holder is required to place the jeopardies and buttocks and control hazards and hence helps Robens 2nd rule nevertheless in that respect ashes some critical spreads.4. What is the chief end of industrial hygiene?List the four key processes that play a function in accomplishing this end.Main end of industrial hygiene is risk decrease and/or hazard riddance wherever possible.AnticipationRecognitionEvaluationControl of workplace environgenial jeopardiesSpecify the undermentioned footingsHazardHazardHazard directionHazard AppraisalProbabilityFrequencyBadnessDoseTLV-TWATLV-STELHazard A peril is any thing that whitethorn do injury or hurt to a individual or be hugeings. Besides this is the potency of any agent or substances to do injury, normally ill-health or disease.B ) Hazard The hazard tells how likely an accident ( An accident is any unexpected or unintended event that whitethorn do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings ) will do injury or hurt to a individual or belongings. Hazard is a comprise of the type of jeopardy times the sum of exposure ( Risk = Hazard x Exposure )Hazards direction The procedure of ordaining general responsibilities of attention in order to extinguish, replacement, or cut down the likeliness of an accid ent ( i.e. hazard ) through technology or administrative solutions, or through using personal security measure equipment ( PPE ) .Hazard Appraisal Hazard Assessment is the procedure by which a particular hazard is quantified or qualified in order to understand how to rip off a specific jeopardy. It is based upon the consequence that a specific jeopardy whitethorn hold, the magnitude of the jeopardy ( I, e, how terrible it may be ) , and the continuance that the jeopardy may impact a individual or belongings. The hazard appraisal helps determine how a jeopardy may be managed and how a hazard may be controlled.Probability the likeliness for an event to happen. One of the factors that serves as the dependent vari commensurate for hazard ( I.e. Risk=Probability * Severity ) orIt is a manner of showing cognition or belief that an event will happen or has occurred. In mathematics the construct has been given an exact signifi sightce in chance theory, that is used extensively in such cou ntries of survey as mathematics, statistics, finance, gaming, scientific discipline, and doctrine to pull decisions about the likeliness of possible events and the implicit in mechanics of abstruse systems.degree Fahrenheit ) Frequency Frequency is the rate at which a individual may come into contact with a jeopardy over a defined length of clip. Or The figure of times that a periodic map repeats the same sequence of determine during a unit fluctuation of the self-sustaining variableBadness Badness is the magnitude, or strength, with which a risky substance is exposed to a individual. It is the dimension for sorting earnestness for Technical support issues.Dose Is the sum of the jeopardy which we are exposed. It is defined by the preoccupation of the risky substance times the length of clip a individual is exposed.Dose is the construct of dosage is paramount for occupational hygiene and hazard direction. Dose refers to the sum of a substance to which we are exposed, and is a com bination of the concentration of exposure and continuance of exposure.Dose= concentration*duration of exposureI ) TLV-TWATLV values by and large refer to a national exposure criterion for a jeopardy ( i.e. chemical, dust, or radiation ) . It is a agency of quantifying the maximal concentrations of a peculiar substance in an country over a specified length of clip, and so using it as a criterion for wellness and safety inspectors and responsibility bearers to utilize as a manner of measuring hazard.TWA is an acronym for clip leaden norm. In this instance, the continuance of contaminant exposure is expressed over an eight-spot hr running(a) twenty-four hours and a five twenty-four hours working hebdomad. In this manner, this exposure criterion incorporates the upper limit and minimal exposure rates a individual experiences during a regular on the job twenty-four hours. The accent of an exposure free clip is implicitly involved ( as would be the instance for noise ) so that certain o rganic structure thresholds are non passed.J ) TLV-STELSTEL is an acronym for short term exposure bound. For some substances, a short term exposure criterion is needed since ague and chronic wellness affects may ensue. Alternatively of an eight hr twenty-four hours, this exposure criterion is step over no more than 15 proceedingss.6. Whatare the chief airborne contaminants/pollutants that derriere do health-related jobs at mine sites?The spread out and particulates ( arsenic, lead, mercury and etc ) The Toxic swashes ( C monoxide, sulfur dioxide and etc ) The Carcinogens ( asbestos, aromatic hydrocarbons, and etc ) The inflammable gases ( methane and C dioxide and etc ) The Radiation toxi substructuret ( radon, U, Th and etc ) The Mixture of viruses and bacteriums.7. For a peculiar legal legal ply ( state/country ) what are the legal demands for the concentration of the fol gets in the general organic structure of dissemination air flow ( maximal or lower limit ) ?Harmonizing to the HSISa ) OxygenPure O no limitationsOxygen diflouride TWA=.05 ppmB ) Methane ( as a gas )Pure methane TWA=0, STEL=0Bromomethane 5ppm STEL=0degree Celsiuss ) Carbon dioxideIn coal mines TWA= 12,500 ppm STEL= 30000 ppmRegular TWA= 5000 ppm STEL= 30,000 ppmvitamin D ) Carbon monoxide TWA= 30 ppm STEL=0vitamin E ) Hydrogen sulfide TWA= 10 ppm STEL= 15ppmdegree Fahrenheit ) Respirable dust ( no silicon oxide )Coal Dust TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0Soapstone TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0Vanadium TWA = 0.05 mg/ M3 STEL=0Graphite TWA = 3 mg/ M3 STEL=0g ) Respirable dust ( with silicon oxide ) TWA= 2 mg/m3H ) Oxides of northNitrogen Triflouride TWA= 10 ppm STEL=0Azotic Oxide TWA= 25 ppm STEL=0Azotic Oxide TWA=25 ppm STEL=0Nitrogen dioxide TWA= 3ppm STEL=0Nitrogen tetroxide TWA= 0 STEL=08. Define Dust, list and briefly describe the general preventive steps, which suffer be used to command or foresee exposure to high dust exposures.Dust caused by the mechanical decomposition of stuff tin be defined as a aggregation of solid atoms which are dispersed in a gaseous medium ( normally air )Are able to stay suspended in the air for a comparatively long clipHave a high surface country to sight ratio.So briefly, over the full scope of airborne stuffs, dust by and large has the largest atom size although it mint exhibit a broad particulate scope. In general, dust can be defined an merger of assorted particulates ( solid affair ) that can fraction and stay in suspension in air.Dust is by and large caused by mechanical weathering through, in the instance of mines, the usage of really big machines ( drills and crushers ) and blasts. Dust can each present an immediate jeopardy ( I, e, oculus annoyance ) or long term wellness effects ( radioactive atoms that stick to respirable dust which are later inhaled ) . Whether the effects are long term or short term, there are a figure of ways that duty callings can command or even extinguish dust.1 ) Preventative steps ( Elimination ) This is the best manner among all.This includes irrigating to cut down dust formation when consider editing and boring guaranting that cutting equipment is crisp, and utilizing oils to transport mine cuts to an enclosed country.Under these conditions, the means of control is through riddance.A concluding piece of equipment is a unsighted hole pudden-head bit which traps the dust generated through an enclosure.2 ) Ventilation ( Engineering ) This is an technology agencies of control dust through a proper airing system.Here the air must be able to be strong plenty to pick up the heavy dust atoms to cut down the sum of dust concentrating in the air or on the cut.Dust extraction and filtration systems that pump in the dusty air, filter out the atoms and so throw out cleaner air.3 ) Removal of employees ( Administrative ) This is an administrative outrage where the employees are fundamentally removed from the jeopardy thereby extinguishing exposure.This is a great deal non really practic al, particularly in medium/small operations, or in plain operations where all employees are needed, or working rotary motion is non an option.4 ) Use of inhalator ( PPE ) This is the least manner control nevertheless we have no other option.Here a worker uses a inhalator in order to filtrate out the dust, thereby understating hazard by cut downing exposure.However, umpteen inhalators can be excessively heavy or cumbrous to cover with, particularly secret.9. Discourse how methane is generated in mines. What are the cardinal hazards associated with methane, and how can the hazards be managed?Methane propagation in minesThis is produced by bacterial and chemical action on organic stuff and is evolved during both the formation of coal and crude oil. One of the nigh prevalent strata gases. It is non toxic but is unsafe as it can organize an explosive mixture with air. A methane/air mixture normally called firedamp.Methane is normally associated with coal mines but it is in like ma nner normally found in other mines which are over or underlain by carbonous formations. Methane is retained within breaks, nothingnesss and pores within stone either as a tight gas or adsorbed on mineral surfaces. When mining disturbs the stone the gas force per unit area gradient set up between the reservoir of methane and the airing system induces flow of methane along natural or excavation induced breaks towards the gap.Key HazardMethane has no smell, but it is oft accompanied by hints of heavier hydrocarbons in the paraffin series, which have a characteristic oily odor. The denseness of methane is a small over half that of air. This gives rise to the riskiness of methane layering in pools along the roof of belowground gaps. The perkiness of methane can besides do jobs in inclined workings.Methane Burnss in air with a pale unforgiving fire. The explosible scope for methane in air is by and large quoted as 5-15 % with maximal explosibility at 9.8 % . The lower bound remains rea sonably tackless, the upper bound reduces as the O content of air falls. To track the flammability of methane air mixtures a coward diagram as shown in figure 2 can be used. With relation to address 1Figure 1 The coward diagram for methane in air.In regulate A the mixture is non flammable but is likely to go so if farther methane is added.In zone B the mixture is explosive and has a lower limit nose value at 12.2 % OZones C and D illustrate mixtures that may be in certain countries.Methane beds have two chief jeopardies associated with themLayers extend the zones within which ignitions can happenWhen an ignition occurs the methane bed acts as an effectual fuse along which the fire can propagate, sometimes taking to a lot larger accretions in roof pits or in the mariner.Methane and Carbon dioxide ( mixtures of the two gases ) if mixed with N will do the dangers atmosphere. Because this associated with gas effusions areSuffocation of mineworkers by gas and dust. bland air line of lifes may be maintained on or shut to faces that are inclined(predicate) to effusions.The force of the effusion may damage equipment, doing triping that may light the extremely flammable gas/dust mixture.The sudden enlargement of a big volume of gas can interrupt the airing system of the mine.To command and ManageTo command and pull off the hazard of Methane, foremost of all demand to have it off the beginnings and nature of methane, and how the methane is let go ofing and migrating. And so apprehension of hazards can easy bring to larn of the methane hazard direction. The major systems as follows,In its of course happening province in a coal seam, firedamp does non represent an explosive hazard. However, where firedamp released from next seams meets fresh-air in the goaf, the firedamp is diluted and explosive mixtures ( around 5 % to 15 % methane in air ) are formed. Effective firedamp control is indispensable for safe working and involves supplying eitherFace-End Ventilation and Gas Control good designed Ventilation flow invalidate the hazard of methane gas.Firedamp Drainage on Retreat Longwalls Firedamp gaining control efficiencies on longwall faces typically lie between 60 % and 80 % of the entire gas on progressing faces and from 30 % to 60 % of the entire gas on retreat faces.Options and Addendums to Firedamp Drain There are airing options applicable to some retreat longwall coalfaces which can rid of the demand for dearly-won firedamp drainage. Such methods ( eg. hemophiliac roads and sewer gate systems ) are aimed at deviating gas off from working coalfaces along paths separate from those used to serve the face.Goaf Flushing Goaf flushing has been used for temporarily betterment of firedamp concentrations in a territory flow but it is non a recommended gas control solution. The method is by and large use to a fully-developed goaf ( Internet Explorer. where sufficient goaf has been created to organize a significant gas reservoir ) . The airing f orce per unit area across a territory is reduced, after work forces have been withdrawn, leting high gas concentration gas to migrate frontward into the return airway. Transport activities in the chief return may hold to be suspended. Finally, the equilibrium between gas flow into the waste and gas flow into the return is restored, the gas concentration in the territory return being at a higher concentration than earlier due to the reduced air measure. On reconstructing the original air flow, the gas is forced into the goaf, off from the face, therefore cut downing the emanation into the return until equilibrium conditions are one time once more obtained. This attack is non advised due to the wild release of elevated firedamp concentrations into air passages and across electrical equipment.Methane Drain To bring forth gaseous fuel and/or to cut down methane emanations in to airing system its been used. Methane that is drained demands to be transported safely to the point of bringin g, the substructure that is required to accomplish this consists of the followers Pipe ranges, Proctors, Safety devices, Controls, Extractor pumpsOther than all above mentioned, in single states they are following up regulations and ordinances to command and pull off the hazard of Methane. Here is an illustration UK statute law provinces,Electrical power must be switched off when the general organic structure concentration of methane exceeds 1.25 % .If methane concentration exceeds 2 % forces other than those associated with bettering the airing in the country should go forth the country.10. Discourse the beginnings and hazards associated with arsenic, hectogram and nitriles. How can the hazards be managed?A ) quicksilver BeginningsNatural beginningsVentsVolatilization from oceansErosion of natural sedimentationsHuman ActivitiesEstimated to be 1/3-2/3 of the entire quicksilver released into the environment.Beginnings includeStack losingss from cinnabar roastingThe working and smelt ing of metalsCoal fired power workssDischarges from mines, refineries and millsCombustion of coal and municipal wastes, industrial wastes and boilersMedical waste incineratorsPesticidesOverflow from landfills/croplandsB ) quicksilver HazardsContinuityCan alter signifier,Can non be destroyedSolubilityCinnabar ( HgS ) is indissoluble ( and resists enduring ) silver-tongued Hg is somewhat soluble in H2O.BioaccumulationHg methylation signifiers CH3Hg+ which is easy absorbed by beings and biomagnifies from the underside to the top of the nutrient concatenationBioaccumulates ( dressed ores ) in musculus and waver of fish and other wildlifeCH3Hg+ by and large increases by a factor of 10 or less with each measure up the nutrient concatenationC ) atomic number 33 BeginningsArsenopyrite ( FeAsS ) is the most common arsenic mineral in ores and is besides a by-product associated with Cu, gold, Ag, and lead/zinc excavation.Arsenic trioxide ( Fe2As3 ) is present in flue gases from Cu ore roast ingcoal-burning power workss and incinerators besides may let go of As into ambiance.Water mean concentration is 1 ppb, but can be & gt 1,000 ppb in mining countries As+5 most prevailing many compounds dissolve in H2O.D ) Arsenic HazardsArsenic is a human carcinogenIn worlds the primary mark variety meats are the skin and vascular systembirds, animate beings, workss, and freshwater fish can go contaminatedToxicity in H2O is determined by H2O temperature, pH, organic content, phosphate concentration, suspended dirts, forepart of oxidizers, and speciationTocopherol ) Cyanides BeginningsCan leach from landfills and cyanide-containing route salts every bit good as to the ambiance from auto fumes ( hydrogen nitrile gas HCN ) .Some nutrients ( Prunus dulciss and capital of Peru beans ) contain nitriles of courseIt can be produced by some bacteriums, Fungis, and algaeSpills Cyanide and other heavy metal pollutants overflowed a dike at Baia Mare, Romania, polluting 250 stat mis of riv ers, and killing 1000000s of fishMost persistent in groundwater & A at higher pHF ) Cyanides RisksOral lethal dosage of KCN for an grownup is 200 milligramAirborne concentrations of 270 ppm is fatalLong term exposure to lower degrees consequences in bosom strivings, take a active troubles, purging, blood alterations, concerns and thyroid secretory organ expansionCN does non bio-accumulate in fishG ) Cyanide hazard Control MethodsProduction Encourage responsible nitrile fabrication by acquire from makers who operate in a safe and environmentally protective mode.Transportation system Protect communities and the environment during cyanide conveyance.Managing and Storage Protect workers and the environment during nitrile handling and storage.Operationss Manage cyanide procedure solutions and waste watercourses to protect human wellness and the environment.Decommissioning Protect communities and the environment from nitrile through development and execution of decommissioning program s for nitrile installations.Worker Safety Protect workers wellness and safety from exposure to cyanideEmergency Response Protect communities and the environment through the development of exigency response schemes and capablenesss.Training Train workers and exigency response forces to pull off nitrile in a safe and environmentally protective mode. day-by-day review of leach residue storage pools and shadowings bringing grapevines Incident coverage and a system of exigency processs Systems for informations recording, rating, reading and coverage Procedure technician preparation and consciousness of possible nitrile related jobs, including personal safety and impacts on the environing natural environment systematic records direction and certification of carnal mortalities Integrating cyanide direction processs into the site Environmental Management Plan which is presently being updated.H ) Arsenic and quicksilver hazard control methodsThe above mentioned methods are suited to follow Arsenic and quicksilver every bit good. However in practical universe, it depends upon the harmness, will change to importances of handling.11. Specify the intent of airing in belowground mines. What types of airings systems are common?The intent for airing in mines is to thin assorted signifiers of gases. These gases could be either a chemical jeopardy ( as in carbon-monoxide and dust ) or explosive physical jeopardies such as methane accretion along the roofs of mine shafts.Ventilation systems frequently come in the signifier of,fans which control air flowarrests and seals will seal escapes in peculiar to older minesDoors and air locksRegulators which is a door with an appropriate transit to keep air force per unit area gradientsAircrossings which allow suction and blowing airing systems to easy by base on balls one another and non let for cross taint12. Electrical power is normally employed in mines, what work patterns would you specify for the caveat of electrical equipment?Al ways to be Maintained, reviewed and modified mine power supply systems.Make certain Consistently inspect machineraries and carry out trials for mistakes and jeopardiesMake certain ever the electrical equipment is decently viewed, so that arrange some visible radiations turn up electrical equipment in belowground mines to guarantee to be seeable.Make certain while Create processs to guarantee noise and electrical jeopardies over electromotive forces, current ordinance, noise degree decreases etc. , are maintained to allow legislative criterions.Without excessively much emphasis, seek to supply machinery that can be moved easy that are besides within legislative demands and can provide equal electricityCreate an alternate power supply beginning in instance of machinery dislocation which allows to make care activities.For the speedy designation, install proper mine overseas telegrams with appropriate colouring materials coding system.And following safety regulations and ordinances b esides makes the good work patterns for the care of electrical equipment.Failure to exert cautiousness may ensue in hurt, so cautiousness must be used when runing or mending electrical equipmentWhen slaying electrical work, ever use the proper protective equipment, such as safety spectacless, protective baseball mitts, and a decently rated metre.State ordinances, Australian Standards and company policies are designed to guard against electrical jeopardies in the excavation industry. So following up those are really indispensableWet conditions may eat metal electrical constituents and do their failure. Falling stone may damage an electrical overseas telegram or constituent. So need to avoid those sort of unsafe conditions before put ining at specific topographic points or demand to take attention to avoid those jobs.Exercise cautiousness to be used to utilize proper protective equipment when working with batteries. Because batteries could detonate and do hurt or could light and do fi res.All have to be cognizant and particularly all electrician decently trained to Be watchful and knowing of the jeopardies of electricity.Make certain ever maintaining attitude tono electrical work can be performed until the electrical circuit is knocked, locked, and tagged.Always make certain the frame land is decently connected.No electrical work shall be performed except by a qualified individual. Circuit surfs and gulfs shall be marked for designation. Circuit interrupting devices or proper fuses, shall be installed to protect against short circuit and overloads.u Unpluging devices shall be locked and tagged out. All electrical equipment shall be examined, tested, decently maintained, and consequences recorded as required13. Your mine employs grapevines to convey the followersCompressed airService H2OMethaneRun of mine drainage H2OHow would you guarantee that each grapevine can be readily identified by a speedy ocular review? coloring material the pipes with different sort of c olorss may give solution to this instance.ExamplesBlue coloring material for service H2ORed coloring material for Compressed airGreen coloring material for MethaneYellow coloring material for mine drainage H2OThis manner each pipe is easy visualised in the mine. A mark that demarcates the coloring material coding system will besides be necessary to clear up the coloring material cryptography system.14. Distinguish, with the usage of illustrations, the difference between major, chronic and minor incidents. What are the legal demands for describing these different types of incidents in your legal power?Incident is a happening of an event that has a non human component to it ( unlike accidents ) .Major incidents Are sudden alterations which are dramatic, necessitate immediate responses, and are by and large dearly-won and a figure of human deaths. An illustration is methane gas effusions in belowground coal mines.ExamplesMajor fire, detonationFatalityStructural prostrationMajor equipme nt harmMajor loss of productionTypically cost 1000000s of moneysChronic Incidents Are events that result in an hurt is related to a figure of causes, and have effects that are lower in magnitude and strength than major incidents. Sometimes these events may do change in the normal processs in mines.ExamplesRecuring quality divergence.Recuring equipment failure.System corrosion/erosion.Fleeting emanations.Slips, trips and falls.Minor Incidents Or adjoining miss incidents which do non involved in any loss or hurt but if a different event occurred, could do hurt or injury.When these incidents happened, the legal demand is 5 stairssReportingGathering the FactsDetermine Cause ( s )Develop and Implement Corrective ActionMonitor and Review15. Discourse four theories of accident causing.1. Domino theoryIt is developed by Herbert Hinrich ( Travelers insurance policy Co ) in 1920.Says that hurts occur from actions that interact. The hurts are caused by insecure Acts of the Apostless by work ers and are by and large preventable given proper safety preparation.It includesInjuries devise from a set of complete actionsMost hurts arise from insecure Acts of the Apostless accidents are mostly preventableInsecure Acts of the Apostless can hold ulterior effects vs immediateManagement should take controlHarmonizing to Heinrich, five factors can take up to an accidentLineage and social environmentMistake of a individualInsecure mechanical or physical state of affairssThe accident itself ( falls, being hit )Injury Typically lacerations and breaksUnder this rubric, direction should take control and supply safety to workers.2. Human Factors systemAccidents are caused by human mistake under three chief factorsOverload ( instability in a individuals capacity )Inappropriate Response How a individual responds to a state of affairsInappropriate Activity Human mistake in judgement, action, way, etc. )3. Accident and Incident TheoryAsper this theory, the environment is a cause alternat ively of human mistake. The design and excessively high of outlook in work end product are the causes of accidents. Therefore, there is an indirect influence of direction and economic factors ( deadlines, agenda, budget, peer force per unit area etc. ) that can take to bad judgement and therefore accidents. The Accident and Incident Theory proposes a causal relationship exists between direction clime and focal point, and accident causing.4. Epidemiologic TheoryAccidents are caused bysensitivity features ( cultural, physical charecteristics, societal norms )Situational characterisitics ( unequal preparation, small counsel, or direction climate ) .Under this theory there is a causing nexus between the environment and societal or mental factors. The Epidemiology theory holds that theoretical accounts used for survey and finding of disease can be utilized for accident causing as good16. ( a ) What is occupational hear loss?A signifier of hearing loss due to the disfunction of the audit ory nervus, ( i.e. hearing loss ) that is caused by the overexposure to noise degrees of high strength ) . This is besides called acoustic injury hearing loss( B ) Define the footings frequence, strength, dubnium, dubnium ( A )Frequency The rate at which sound atoms vibrate through an elastic medium that the ear can comprehend as sound .Frequency = Cycles per Second = Hertz = Hz1000 Hz = 1 Kilohertz = 1 kilohertz = Human Voice transport Intensity is the sum of energy going through a unit volume of air during a certain timeframe.dubnium The dB ( dubnium ) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the ratio of a physical measure ( normally power or strength ) relation to a specified or implied mention degree.Amplitude = chroma = Decibels = dubnium60 dB = Average Speaking Voicedubnium ( A ) It is the frequence response curve which is resembles the normal frequence hearing curve for most people. A metre utilizing this web will give a consequence which does hold some resemblance in degree to that degree which is experienced by most peopleThe other manner we can state that, Noise is measured in dBs ( dubnium ) at a certain graduated table, such as A or C. The dB graduated table is logarithmic. That means, with a 5dB exchange rate, 95 dubnium is 100 % more noise than 90 dubnium.( degree Celsius ) Define the term Daily Noise Dose what factors influence this?Daily Noise DoseThe Daily Noise is an exposure criterion that measures the grade a individual working is able to be exposed to resound. Worksafe states that a degree of 85 dubnium ( S ) ( ie not additive criterion ) over 8 hr twenty-four hours ( much like the clip weight norm ( TWA ) exposure standard ) should non be breached, nor a peak degree of 140 dubniums at any specific clip should non be breached ( much like the TLV-STEL ) . If exposure to resound is to happen above these degrees a step of control upon noise is required.Harmonizing the National Institute for Occupational Safety NIOSH the day-to-day dosage d egree D should non be or transcend 100.When the day-to-day noise exposure consists of periods of different noise degrees, the day-to-day dosage can be calculated asD = ( te1 / td1 + te2 / td2 + + ten / tdn ) 100 % ( 1 )whereD = day-to-day noise exposure ( % )Te = exposure clip at a specified noise degreetd = maximal continuance clip at a specified noise degreeThe day-to-day dosage can be converted to an 8-hr Time-Weighted Average -TWA by the expressionTWA = 10 log ( D / 100 ) + 85 ( 2 )

Identity is Shaped by personal Choices

Identity Shaped by Personal Choices People think that identity can be shaped by contrary things. Some could fence that identity is shaped to a greater extent by culture or simply by your personal choices. This essay willing discuss how identity is shaped by your personal choices. To understand identity we must examine the choices we make in our daily lives (Latterell 11). Some characteristics that are made by your personal choices are the medication you rent to listen, your overall appearance like your laborable, tattoos, piercings, etc. and your social group.Personal choices are a major part of your identity simply because it defines who you are and how you choose to be as a person in your day to day life. Identity is not fixed, but shifts over time and in different situations (Latterell 13). Music could sour a big role in your identity because it could say a lot around how you express or perceive things. Maybe help on how you absorb certain situations, subjects or unco nstipated how you express yourself. They are many different types of music. There is country, rap, hip-hop, alternative, blue grass, rock, etc. Country music could robably be more for the more redneck, back woods type.There are even sappy love songs in this style of music. You can express themselves more on the love perspective of things. Rap and hip-hop probably is more for the up-beat portion of the population. This type of music could help express maybe a good mood or even a dancing mood. The rock or alternative side of music could be for the angry or emo portion of the population. Rock can express how mortal feels through anger. Some could argue that Rock puts them in a good mood country music doesnt necessarily mean they re rednecks or consider sad depressing songs and some could say that hip hop, rap doesnt make them in a good mood.For the most part this is what you see in these different types of music and this how music makes them feel. Music helps define a person because it expresses you they are, and some could say that it helps them get through major obstacles in life. Music is made by someone personal choice because it is what they choose to listen to. Overall appearance can say a lot about a person. Sure speckle you are a child the majority of the time our parents choose what we wear when we wear it. As an adult though you get to choose what type of clothing to purchase and wear.People could even express themselves through what they wear and how they wear it. Maybe someone habiliment a t-shirt and Jeans may be more hardened back. Or maybe someone wearing slacks and a blouse whole step more professional. Some may say when you see a person wearing boots and a flannel t-shirt that person would be more on the country side of things. Then you have the type of person who will wear nothing but black and dark colors, this person may be more emo or depressed. Your personal appearance ays a lot about oft you care about yourself and how you carry you rself.Some could say that it could even show what kind of attitude you have. Another major part of personal appearance that helps people set themselves is tattoos and piercings. This helps people show what they are passionate about. It gives people the chance to express themselves through art on their own bodies. It could make some people look spontaneous or even tearless. The last characteristic that will be discussed in this essay will be your social group. This says a lot about who you are as person. Just like the saying you are known by the company you keep.Usually people that are in certain social groups will consist of people that have common interest or maybe are in the aforesaid(prenominal) class. Common interests are like the same hobbies, music, work, or even the same obstacles in life that they deal with. This simply defines who you are because all these common interests deal with personalities of people. People usually are around others that are the most like them. Thi s helps identify who you are because you are who you accompany yourself with. This is a personal choice simply because you choose who you want to be around.Nobody can choose who accompany yourself with, only you can decide that. Just because you live in certain area doesnt mean you have to be in the same social group as those who you are around. Some could argue that these are mainly characteristics that fall into the culture aspect. These characteristics that are discussed in this essay Just says that everybody is not the same and these are things that are definitely personal choices. For instance Just because you were born and raised in the more Southern part of the orld doesnt mean you going to be a redneck who wears work boots every day and listens to country music.Granted there are many different groups of people in the same communities. Mainly these are personal choices because that is what you choose to do and how you want to be identified as a person. Only you can be respons ible for your actions (Olson). Works Cited Latterell, Catherine. Remix Reading and composing Culture. New York Bedford/St. Martins, 2010. Print. Olson, Eric T. Personal Identity. Stanford Encyclopedia Philosophy. Edward N. zaita, 28 oct. 2010. web. 2 May 2013.

Assembly Language

ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE An convocation speech is a low-altitude programming dustup for a electronic computer, microcontroller, or other programmable device, in which each statement corresponds to a single machine code instruction. Each fable wording is particular to a spark officular computer architecture, in contrast to well-nigh high- direct programming addresss, which atomic number 18 generally portable across multiple systems. conclave vocabulary is converted into feasible machine code by a utility program referred to as an lying program the conversion process is referred to as lying, or assembling the code.Assembly language procedures a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine summons or opcode. Some opcodes require one or to a greater extent operands as part of the instruction, and most assembly programs post carry away labels and symbols as operands to represent addresses and never-endings, instead of hard cryptanalytics them into the program. Macro asse mblers include a macroinstruction facility so that assembly language textual matter faeces be pre- offered to a name, and that name give the axe be expendd to insert the text into other code. M some(prenominal) assemblers spree additional mechanisms to facilitate program development, to control the assembly process, and to aid debugging.HISTORY OF ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE Assembly languages date to the introduction of the stored-program computer. The EDSAC computer (1949) had an assembler called initial orders featuring one-letter mnemonics. Nathaniel Rochester wrote an assembler for an IBM 701 (1954). SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program) (1955) was an assembly language for the IBM 650 computer write by Stan Poley. Assembly languages eliminated much of the error-prone and time-consuming first-generation programming needed with the early computers, freeing programmers from tedium such as remembering numeric codes and calculating addresses.They were once widely used for all sorts of programming. However, by the 1980s (1990s on microcomputers), their use had roundly been supplanted by high-level languages, in the search for improved programming productivity. Today assembly language is still used for direct hardwargon manipulation, devil to specialized processor book of instructions, or to address critical behaveance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, and real-time systems. Historically, a larger-than-life offspring of programs have been written completely in assembly language. Operating systems were ntirely written in assembly language until the introduction of the Burroughs MCP (1961), which was written in ESPOL, an Algol dialect. Many commercialised applications were written in assembly language as well, including a large amount of the IBM mainframe software written by large corporations. COBOL, FORTRAN and some PL/I eventually displaced much of this work, although a number of large organizations hold assembly-lang uage application infrastructures well into the 90s. Most early microcomputers relied on hand-coded assembly language, including most operating systems and large applications.This was because these systems had severe re germ constraints, imposed idiosyncratic memory and display architectures, and provided limited, buggy system services. Perhaps more(prenominal) important was the lack of first-class high-level language compilers suitable for microcomputer use. A psychological factor may have also played a role the first generation of microcomputer programmers retained a hobbyist, wires and pliers attitude. In a more commercial context, the biggest reasons for using assembly language were minimal bloat (size), minimal overhead, greater speed, and reliability.Typical examples of large assembly language programs from this time are IBM PC DOS operating systems and early applications such as the spreadsheet program Lotus 1-2-3. Even into the 1990s, most console flick games were written i n assembly, including most games for the Mega Drive/Genesis and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. According to some industry insiders, the assembly language was the best computer language to use to get the best performance out of the Sega Saturn, a console that was notoriously challenging to develop and program games for.The popular arcade game NBA get up (1993) is another example. Assembly language has long been the primary development language for some(prenominal) popular home computers of the 1980s and 1990s (such as the Sinclair ZX Spectrum, Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga, and Atari ST). This was in large part because BASIC dialects on these systems offered insufficient execution speed, as well as insufficient facilities to take full advantage of the available hardware on these systems.Some systems, most notably the Amiga, even have IDEs with highly advanced debugging and macro facilities, such as the freeware ASM-One assembler, comparable to that of Microsoft Visual Stu dio facilities (ASM-One predates Microsoft Visual Studio). The Assembler for the VIC-20 was written by Don French and published by French Silk. At 1,639 bytes in length, its author believes it is the smallest symbolic assembler ever written. The assembler supported the habitual symbolic addressing and the definition of character strings or hex strings.It also allowed address expressions which could be combined with addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical AND, logical OR, and exponentiation operators. COMPILER A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms antecedent code written in a programming language (the radical language) into another computer language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The most common reason for wanting to transform seed code is to create an executable program.The name compiler is primarily used for programs that translate source code from a high-level programming language to a lo wer level language (e. g. , assembly language or machine code). If the compiled program gutter run on a computer whose CPU or operating system is different from the one on which the compiler runs, the compiler is known as a cross-compiler. A program that translates from a low level language to a higher level one is a decompiler. A program that translates between high-level languages is usually called a language translator, source to source translator, or language converter.A language rewriter is usually a program that translates the form of expressions without a change of language. A compiler is likely to perform many or all of the following operations lexical analysis, preprocessing, parsing, semantic analysis (Syntax-directed translation), code generation, and code optimization. Program faults caused by incorrect compiler behavior can be very severe to track down and work around therefore, compiler implementors invest significant effort to ensure the correctness of their software .The term compiler-compiler is sometimes used to refer to a parser generator, a tool often used to help create the lexer and parser. INTERPRETER In computer science, an interpreter normally heart and soul a computer program that executes, i. e. performs, instructions written in a programming language. An interpreter may be a program that either 1. executes the source code directly 2. translates source code into some efficient intermediate representation (code) and immediately executes this 3. xplicitly executes stored precompiled code made by a compiler which is part of the interpreter system While interpreting and compiling are the two main means by which programming languages are implemented, these are not full mutually exclusive categories, one of the reasons being that most interpreting systems also perform some translation work, just like compilers. The terms interpreted language or compiled language merely mean that the canonical implementation of that language is an interpre ter or a compiler a high level language is prefatorialally an abstraction which is (ideally) independent of particular implementations.ASSEMBLER Assembler (meaning one that assembles) may refer to It is a computer program that translate between lower-level representations of computer programs it converts basic computer instructions into a pattern of bits which can be easily understood by a computer and the processor can use it to perform its basic operations Assembly Language Syntax Programs written in assembly language consist of a sequence of source statements. Each source statement consists of a sequence of ASCII characters ending with a carriage return.Each source statement may include up to four fields a label, an operation (instruction mnemonic or assembler directive), an operand, and a signalise. The following are examples of an assembly directive and a regular machine instruction. PORTA equ $0000 Assembly time constant INP ldaa PORTA Read entropy from fixed address I/O da ta port An assembly language statement contains the following fields. Label reach can be used to define a symbol Operation Field defines the operation code or pseudo-op Operand Field specifies either the address or the data.Comment Field allows the programmer to document the software. Sometimes not all four fields are present in an assembly language statement. A aura may contain just a comment. The first token in these lines must begin with a star (*) or a semicolon (). For example, This line is a comment * this is a comment too * This line is a comment Instructions with inherent mode addressing do not have an operand field. For example, label clra comment deca comment cli comment inca comment DATA TYPES IN ASSEMBLY LANGUAGEThere is a large degree of diversity in the way the authors of assemblers categorize statements and in the nomenclature that they use. In particular, some describe anything other than a machine mnemonic or extended mnemonic as a pseudo-operation (pseudo-op). A normal assembly language consists of 3 types of instruction statements that are used to define program operations Opcode mnemonics Data sections Assembly directives Opcode mnemonics and extended mnemonics Instructions (statements) in assembly language are generally very simple, unlike those in high-level language.Generally, a mnemonic is a symbolic name for a single executable machine language instruction (an opcode), and there is at least one opcode mnemonic defined for each machine language instruction. Each instruction typically consists of an operation or opcode plus zero or more operands. Most instructions refer to a single value, or a pair of values. Operands can be immediate (value coded in the instruction itself), registers specified in the instruction or implied, or the addresses of data located elsewhere in storage.This is determined by the underlying processor architecture the assembler merely reflects how this architecture works. Extended mnemonics are often used to sp ecify a combination of an opcode with a special(prenominal) operand, e. g. , the System/360 assemblers use B as an extended mnemonic for BC with a mask of 15 and NOP for BC with a mask of 0. Extended mnemonics are often used to support specialized uses of instructions, often for purposes not obvious from the instruction name. For example, many CPUs do not have an explicit NOP instruction, but do have instructions that can be used for the purpose.In 8086 CPUs the instruction xchg ax, ax is used for nop, with nop being a pseudo-opcode to encode the instruction xchg ax, ax. Some disassemblers recognize this and pull up stakes decode the xchg ax, ax instruction as nop. Similarly, IBM assemblers for System/360 and System/370 use the extended mnemonics NOP and NOPR for BC and BCR with zero masks. For the SPARC architecture, these are known as synthetic instructions Some assemblers also support simple built-in macro-instructions that fork over two or more machine instructions.For instan ce, with some Z80 assemblers the instruction ld hl, bc is recognized to generate ld l, c followed by ld h, b. These are sometimes known as pseudo-opcodes. Data sections There are instructions used to define data elements to hold data and variables. They define the type of data, the length and the alignment of data. These instructions can also define whether the data is available to outside programs (programs assembled separately) or only to the program in which the data section is defined. Some assemblers classify these as pseudo-ops. Assembly directivesAssembly directives, also called pseudo opcodes, pseudo-operations or pseudo-ops, are instructions that are kill by an assembler at assembly time, not by a CPU at run time. They can make the assembly of the program dependent on line of reasonings stimulation by a programmer, so that one program can be assembled different ways, perhaps for different applications. They also can be used to dodge presentation of a program to make it e asier to read and maintain. (For example, directives would be used to reserve storage areas and optionally their initial contents. The names of directives often start with a dot to distinguish them from machine instructions. Symbolic assemblers let programmers associate unconditional names (labels or symbols) with memory locations. Usually, every constant and variable is given a name so instructions can reference those locations by name, thus promoting self-documenting code. In executable code, the name of each subroutine is associated with its entry point, so any calls to a subroutine can use its name. Inside subroutines, GOTO destinations are given labels. Some assemblers support local symbols which are lexically distinct from normal symbols (e. . , the use of 10$ as a GOTO destination). Some assemblers provide flexible symbol management, letting programmers manage different namespaces, automatically calculate offsets within data structures, and assign labels that refer to litera l values or the result of simple computations performed by the assembler. Labels can also be used to initialize constants and variables with relocatable addresses. Assembly languages, like most other computer languages, allow comments to be added to assembly source code that are ignored by the assembler.Good use of comments is even more important with assembly code than with higher-level languages, as the meaning and purpose of a sequence of instructions is harder to decipher from the code itself. Wise use of these facilities can greatly simplify the problems of coding and maintaining low-level code. Raw assembly source code as generated by compilers or disassemblerscode without any comments, meaningful symbols, or data definitionsis quite difficult to read when changes must be made. MacrosMany assemblers support predefined macros, and others support programmer-defined (and repeatedly re-definable) macros involving sequences of text lines in which variables and constants are embedde d. This sequence of text lines may include opcodes or directives. once a macro has been defined its name may be used in place of a mnemonic. When the assembler processes such a statement, it replaces the statement with the text lines associated with that macro, then processes them as if they existed in the source code file (including, in some assemblers, expansion of any macros existing in the replacement text). pure tone that this definition of macro is slightly different from the use of the term in other contexts, like the C programming language. C macros created through the define directive typically are just one line or a few lines at most. Assembler macro instructions can be lengthy programs by themselves, executed by interpretation by the assembler during assembly. Since macros can have short names but expand to several or indeed many lines of code, they can be used to make assembly language programs appear to be far shorter, requiring fewer lines of source code, as with high er level languages.They can also be used to add higher levels of structure to assembly programs, optionally introduce embedded debugging code via parameters and other similar features. Macro assemblers often allow macros to take parameters. Some assemblers include quite sophisticated macro languages, incorporating such high-level language elements as optional parameters, symbolic variables, conditionals, string manipulation, and arithmetic operations, all practicable during the execution of a given macro, and allowing macros to save context or exchange information.Thus a macro might generate a large number of assembly language instructions or data definitions, based on the macro arguments. This could be used to generate record-style data structures or unrolled loops, for example, or could generate entire algorithms based on complex parameters. An organization using assembly language that has been heavily extended using such a macro suite can be considered to be working in a higher- level language, since such programmers are not working with a computers lowest-level conceptual elements.Macros were used to customize large master software systems for specific customers in the mainframe era and were also used by customer personnel to satisfy their employers needs by making specific versions of manufacturer operating systems. This was done, for example, by systems programmers working with IBMs Conversational Monitor System / Virtual Machine (VM/CMS) and with IBMs real time transaction processing add-ons, Customer nurture Control System CICS, and ACP/TPF, the airline/financial system that began in the 1970s and still runs many large computer reservations systems (CRS) and credit card systems today.It was also manageable to use solely the macro processing abilities of an assembler to generate code written in completely different languages, for example, to generate a version of a program in COBOL using a pure macro assembler program containing lines of COBOL code i nside assembly time operators instructing the assembler to generate arbitrary code. This was because, as was realized in the 1960s, the concept of macro processing is independent of the concept of assembly, the former being in modern terms more word processing, text processing, than generating object code.The concept of macro processing appeared, and appears, in the C programming language, which supports preprocessor instructions to set variables, and make conditional tests on their values. Note that unlike certain previous macro processors inside assemblers, the C preprocessor was not Turing-complete because it lacked the ability to either loop or go to, the latter allowing programs to loop.Despite the power of macro processing, it fell into disuse in many high level languages (major exceptions being C/C++ and PL/I) while remaining a perennial for assemblers. Macro parameter substitution is strictly by name at macro processing time, the value of a parameter is textually substituted for its name. The most famous class of bugs resulting was the use of a parameter that itself was an expression and not a simple name when the macro writer expected a name.In the macro foo macro a load a*b the intention was that the caller would provide the name of a variable, and the global variable or constant b would be used to multiply a. If foo is called with the parameter a-c, the macro expansion of load a-c*b occurs. To avoid any possible ambiguity, users of macro processors can parenthesize formal parameters inside macro definitions, or callers can parenthesize the input parameters.

Management Information System in Marketing Information System Essay

Market tuition form may be defined as factual knowledge about the action, antecedents or consequences of genial actors outside or inside the tighten and the environment in which they operate. Social actors are as consumers, completions, employee, institutions, suppliers, wholesalers, retailers, govt. bodies and NGOs. The environment actors are physical, technological, economic, legal and social taboos. selling decision comport brass (MKDSS) is an reading schema that helps with decision making in the formation of a merchandise plan. The reason for using a MKDSS is beca exercise it helps to support the software vendors planning strategy for merchandising products it sight help to identify advantageous level of pricing, advertising spending, and advertising copy for the firms products. This helps determines the firm marketing flux for product software. Various Constitute AreConsumer behaviour, Aggregate demand, the competition, Political/ Legal/ Social environment, Product c onsideration, Distribution questions, Pricing consideration, Communication issues and organizational behaviour. marketing learning System merchandise Science Systemthis includes statistical models and analysis, selective reading base, quantitative, analysis, mathematical models and analysis, and product analysis. All these lead to interpretation of analysis and findings to fall at conclusion and recommendation. Normative System this governing body narrates shapes of judgment of an organization what is good or bad, important or unimportant, what action should be or should non be taken in. It is connected to communication system and marketing science system. The normative system translated organizational goals into sub-goals, policies and standards. Output -The overall output of MIS in the charge decision system arrives at policies, rules, procedures and directives with regards to organizing, planning, staffing, executing and controlling. Feed Back -Feed back on an environment and organization is through the output of marketing information system. However, angiotensin converting enzyme can non specify what information is needed for decision making until an explanatory model of the decision process and the system involved in it are constructed and tested. The marketing information system enables in assessing the managerial information and their feedback effects on environment and organization. This is a continuous process to locate the very open system of marketing in scathe of responses to the internal and external pressures.Computer, electronics, communication and audio video technologies have converged closely to produce a new style of operate bank line. The tools, the technologies and the well designed solutions and system are available to support all needs of the line of work. What is needed is an integrated solution out of these technologies and the system offering an enterprisingness wide circumspection support. Such an integrated solution is called as the Enterprise Management System (EMS), which when implemented in an integrated manner for co-ordinated and co-operative function of the business give rise to the Enterprise Management System.Technology Evaluation FactorsClient server architecture and its implementation- two tier or three tier. Object orientation in development and methodology.Handling of server and client based data and application logic. Application and use of standards in all the phases of development and in the product. previous end tools and backend data based way system tools or the data, process presentation management. Interface mechanisms Data transfer, real sentence attack, OLE/ODBC compliance. Use of case tool, class generators, report writers, screen painter and batch processor. Support system technology like bar coding, EDI, imaging, communication, network. D make loading to PC based packages, MS-Office, Lotus bankers bill etc. Operation system and its level of usage in the system.Hard ware- software configuration management.Marketing Information System is Information System used in Marketing and management that automate some gross revenue and gross sales force management functions. They are frequently combined with a marketing information system, in which case they are often called customer kin management system. Sales force management system are information system used in marketing and management that automate some sales and sales force management functions. They are frequently combined with a marketing information system, in which case they are often called customer relationship management. Enterprise Management System (EMS) is any of the strategies and technologies employed in the information technology industry for management the bring forth, strong, security, revision control, retrieval, distribution, preservation and destruction of documents and content. EMS especiallyconcerns content imported into or generated from within an organization in the course i n the course of its operation, and includes the control of access to this content from outside of the organizations processes.Marketing management is about finding ways of satisfying customer wants and needs, while achieving organizational objectives or requirements in terms of profit or some early(a) measure of corporate performance. It brings together all customer-impinging resources, such as product design and specification, advertising and opposite forms of promotion, pricing policy, selling, channels of distribution and physical distribution to achieve this end. These customer-impinging resources are often summarized under four headings and referred to as the four Ps of the marketing mix (price, promotion, place and product). The art or science of marketing management is concerned with making decisions/policies with respect to the elements of the marketing mix such that the companys larboard with its markets is both profitable and customer satisfying.Marketing Information Sy stemsThe concept of marketing information systems has been around for many years. Early systems were paper-based systems but, with the emergence of computers with large storage capacities and later on microcomputers with similar features, marketing information systems have become to a greater extent electronic in nature. MIS (marketing information systems) can be classified under five headingspreparation systems which provide information on sales, costs and competitive activity, together with any kind of information which is needed to formulate plans. Control systems these provide continuous monitor of marketing activities and enable marketing executives to identify problems and opportunities in the marketplace. At the same time, they permit a more detailed and comprehensive review of performance against plans. Marketing investigate systems such systems allow executives to test decision rules and cause/effect hypotheses. This permits the assessment of the effects of marketing a ctions and encourages improved learning from experience. Monitoring systems these systems provide management with informationconcerning the external environment in which they are operating. One can define a marketing information system as one which scans and collects data from the environment, makes use of data from transactions and operations within the firm and then filters, organizes and selects data before presenting them as information to management.Using a Marketing Information SystemAs we have seen above there are two basic. ingredients to a marketing information system. On the one hand, there is a database or a number of databases containing a variety of data about the firm, its competitors, its markets and the environment. On the other hand, there is the provision of a wide variety of analytical tools unfastened of exploring the data and turning it into meaningful information for management.When designing a marketing information system a number of important questions need to be answered in the first place. These are(1) Exactly how more than information will be entered in the database?(2) What information will be entered into the database?(3) How will it be entered into the database?(4) How will it be manipulated once it is in the database?(5) To whom will reports be sent?The question of how much information is extremely important. There is always a danger that too much information may be entered. This will only serve to overload managements information processing abilities. In addition, any data or information which is not used by management is clearly redundant and will be taking up valuable storage space in the information system. From time to time it is necessary to review the information available in the information system and to remove any that is not being used.Creating a real world MIS for those that cannot afford to wait Rather than wait for the dream to materialize, marketers need to improvise. They need a system that enables them to (1) m ake better decisions and (2) support those decisions with verifiable data. The initial steps of this approach typicallyinvolve the following1. Look at what systems the company already has in place,2. Determine what useful marketing information can be gleaned from those systems,3. Identify the information marketers need that they are not getting from existing systems,4. Create, or find, additional systems to provide the needed marketing information,5. shuffle these systems with companywide enterprise systems (if possible and not too costly).1. Start with the accounting systemA good place to start is the business system that every business has the Accounting system. What information do businesses get from their accounting system that is useful to marketers?1. Sales2. Costs/Expenses3. ProfitsIf the accounting software is well designed and flexible, this information can be sorted in a variety of ways including by (1) Sales person, (2) Product, (3) SKU (stock-keeping-unit), (4) Divisi on or Region, (5) Distribution channel, (6) Reseller, and (7) Season. The information obtained from the accounting system is typically enterprise-wide and at a macro level. It normally does not give marketers, or their bosses, the information necessary to (1) determine the effectiveness of the organizations marketing efforts (2) enable it to react quickly to real-time crises and opportunities or (3) do rapidly to competitive threats. Some of the information that marketers need from an effective marketing information system includes the following1. Marketing strategy feedback (or how well marketing strategies are working)2. Complaints3. Compliments (testimonials)4. New Product ideas5. Competition information6. Marketplace changesTo capture and properly respond to this information, roughly marketers need to create a Marketing Information System that augments the macro information provided by their accounting systems. 2. Market Information FormTo minify paperwork, marketers can coll ect a lot of the information from the above list on a Market Information Form (or its electronic equivalent). The information calm and how this information is used is summarized below. 1. Complaints. Once collected, complaints are distributed to those that can solve the problem quickly. The objective is to turn the negative into a positive and build a stronger relationship with the offended party. The way companies handle complaints can mean the difference between success and failure in an increasingly competitive marketplace. 2. Compliments. After obtaining permission, marketers use attentiveness in their marketing communications. Nothing is more effective than bona fide testimonials from customers. Copies are also devoted to sales passel so they can put them in their sales notebooks and use them to impress prospects and close business.3. New Product ideas. These are feed into the companys new product development system.4. Competition Information. This is given to sales people to put in their sales notebooks so they can use the data to answer objections and close business (with the caveat of not disparaging competitors) and is fed into the companys new product development system so that new products can be designed to beat competitors.5. Strategy feedback. This information is create by the marketing building blocks (1) corporate image, (2) positioning, (3) product, (4) pricing, (5) distribution, (6) promotion, and (6) marketing information system (yes we need to collect information as to how well our MIS strategies are working). Based on feedback, strategies are adjusted as necessary. A pad of these forms (or an electronic version) is provided to all the contact points including (1) Receptionists and secretaries that answer the phone, (2) Sales people, (3) Customer service people, (4) Repair people, (5) Personnel that respond to inquiries and complaints online and on social media, and (6) accounts receivable (since they often hear about complaints when they try to collect on late invoices). 3. Lead CardLeads are captured on a lead card or its electronic equivalent. Sales people use the lead card to follow up on a prospects interest with the objective of closing the sale. In addition to notes of all contacts, there are four main pieces of information that should be captured on the lead card.1. credit of the prospect. If you are selling to a business, most of the information you need is on your contacts business card. For additional information you need, your lead card should be designed so you can add it with minimal effort.2. Product interest. The products you typically sell should be pre-listed on the lead card so sales people can quickly check them off.3. Degree of interest. This is your sales persons guestimate of how likely the prospect is to buy your product in the current period, which is usually this month. Because the degree of interest is also called buying temperature the metaphor for degree of interest that is often is used is overheated for the most interested leads, Warm for the next most interested leads, and Cool for the to the lowest degree interested. The Hot leads should automatically update another MIS report called the Hot List.4. Lead source. All promotion that you do should have a unique code so that when the lead is captured, you know what marketing activity generated the lead. This lead source should automatically update another MIS report called the Promotion speciality report. In addition to helping sales people follow up on leads and close business, smart marketers use lead card information for other Marketing Information System purposes, such as the Hot List and Promotion Effectiveness Report described below. 4. Hot ListAn MIS report called the Hot List contains the following information on Hot leads1. Prospect name. This could be a business or individual.2. Decision makers. This is so the sales person does not waste time talking with the wrong person.3. Product or project prop osed. This is what the prospect wants.4. Proposal date. This is the date the product proposal and estimate of the cost is given to the prospect.5. Dollar-amount proposed. This is the price of the product proposed.6. Percent chance of closing in the current period. To qualify for the Hot List, a Hot lead should have at least a 25% chance of closing in the current period ( to individually one company should decide their own minimum threshold for Hot).7. expect Value (5 cypher by 6). If the dollar amount proposed is $10,000 and the % chance of closing is guestimated to be 50%, the expected value would be $5,000.8. Objections. This lists the objections that are keeping the prospect from buying. Sales managers use the Hot List in two ways.1. Help close sales. The sales manager helps sales people to close Hot leads by coaching them on how best to answer the Objections in column 8 of the Hot List. 2. Dynamic sales forecast. The sales manager helps to insure that the sum of Expected Value s equals, or exceeds, each sales persons quota for the month. If the expected values are lower than a sales persons quota, the sales manager can encourage the sales person do whatever is necessary to get more Hot leads on the Hot List so that the sum of Expected Values equals or exceeds the quota. The sales quotas of all the sales people should sum to the measurable goal of the Marketing Plan. 5. Promotion Effectiveness ReportAs each sales person captures the promotion source for each lead on the Lead Card, the information automatically flows onto his or her Promotion Effectiveness Report. Every time a sales person gives a presentation or makes a sale from a lead, that information is recorded on the Promotion Effectiveness Report. The MIS system automatically adds up the total number of the leads, presentations, and sales company-wide for each promotion source.When compared to the costs of that promotion source, the marketing department can calculate the promotion effectiveness, or ROI, of each promotion. Since totals for leads, presentations, and sales are available in the MIS by sales person, the sales manager can automatically compute the batting average of each sales person and determine the number of leads and presentations each one needs to make his or her sales quota. In this way, the sales manager and the company marketers consistently work together to insure that (1) plan goals are met and (2) the money invested in promotion is not wasted (the ads and promotions that are effective will be reiterate and the ones that dont will be discontinued). 6. Market Re hunt clubThe systems above (Market Information Form, Lead Card, Hot List and Promotion Effectiveness Report) typically capture information in real time and provide a lot of great information that help the marketing function do a more effective job and prove it to the CEO. Even so, this is not enough. There are still holes in the information marketers need. In an effort to plugthese holes, there is one big missing piece Market Re calculate. There are two big categories of Market Research Secondary and Primary. 7. Secondary ResearchSecondary research is simply research done by others. Perhaps the greatest invention for secondary research is the search engine. Marketers can simply type in search terms in a search window and browse the Internet for any data related to those search terms. Furthermore, marketers can set up alerts. That is, search terms can be entered into a search engine so that the search engines crawlers will continually search for anything that contains those search terms and send you an email when it finds them. There are so many other sites, which marketers frequent, that provide a wealth of information. Just a few examples include Media Post, Marketing Sherpa, Brand Channel, Hoovers, the CIA World Factbook, and ClickZ. 8. Primary ResearchWhen some big holes remain that still need to be plugged, marketers will often do primary research, which is their own re search. Common forms of primary research include surveys, focus groups, experiments, and various forms of crowd sourcing.