My Experience Scoring a Kindle Scout Book Deal Keith Yocum

My Experience Scoring a Kindle Scout Book Deal Keith Yocum My Experience Scoring a Kindle Scout Book Deal In 2016, Keith Yocum entered his most recent novel into the Kindle Scout program. His tale was chosen for the 30-day battle, and afterward picked for distribution by Kindle Press - all to Keith's own shock. In this visitor post, Keith informs us concerning his Kindle Scout understanding, and the not really mystery formula to his prosperity with the program.I am an essayist who has worked for a long time in news coverage. During this time, I did everything from beginning a paper without any preparation, composing a week by week section for a long time straight, to working for a significant day by day paper. It’s been a dynamite profession and I’ve delighted in every last bit of it, even the late evenings and smashing cutoff times. All things considered, possibly not the cutoff times. In any case, after the thousands - millions? - of words I’d composed and altered, there was one driving enthusiasm that went unfulfilled. I needed to compose a novel. Or on the other hand two.Thirteen years after the fact, I have independently published two books and a year ago handled a distributing manage Amazon in the wake of entering my third book, Color of Blood, into the Kindle Scout program.What is Kindle Scout?Kindle Scout is a program for unpublished compositions that consolidates publicly supporting with publication curation. It's genuinely basic: you need an unpublished original copy, a finished book spread, a short joke about the book, and a book depiction of 500 characters or less.After submitting to Kindle Scout you stand by to check whether your composition will be chosen for the program. This procedure is somewhat puzzling, as authors don't definitely have the foggiest idea what rules are utilized to check whether a title is deserving of incorporation. Whenever picked for the program, your book is given presentation for 30 days on the Kindle Scout landing page. Essayists are then liable for connecting with their systems and mentioning they vote i n favor of their book.However, I had something other than what's expected as a primary concern for Color of Blood. Together, we returned to the planning phase and chose the spread should fuse a kind of Australian Aboriginal hand workmanship - as this mirrors a key scene in the novel. Stewart found the craftsmanship and made a spread I was satisfied with, making changes and switches I mentioned up until the latest possible time. At long last, he had the option to plan a spread that stuck out, yet at the same time caught the eye of perusers hoping to peruse a thriller.Working with duplicate manager Jessica PeriniDue to the way that half of my novel is set in Australia, I was eager to see Australian copyeditors on the Reedsy commercial center. While my mom was Australian,â and I had visited commonly, me that a nearby guarantee the portrayals and language were bona fide. I picked Jessica Perini and we functioned admirably together; her copyediting was snappy, proficient and supportive. I didn't hope to sell numerous duplicates in Australia, however in the event that somebody Down Under read it, I needed the original copy to hold up - and I’m sure now that it will.How being picked for Kindle Scout influenced the deals and achievement of my bookThe speed of audits and deals for Color of Blood has been entirely stunning with Scout backing it. To place it into point of view: I distributed my presentation independent novel Daniel in 2009. After eight years, Daniel has 107 Amazon checked surveys and a 4.3 normal star rating.After just a single year since Amazon distributed Color of Blood, it has 91 confirmed audits and a 4.1 normal star rating. I earned back my development from Kindle Press in only three months, and have sold a large number of duplicates. When all is said in done, the Scout experience has been terrific.In terms of whether I will keep entering my books into the Scout Program: I’m going back and forth. Shade of Blood is a set of three and d ifferent writers have said that it’s regularly very hard to have a progression of books chose for the program. Furthermore, sinceâ self-distributing on Amazonâ is such a basic procedure, I may simply go that course. That being stated, on the off chance that I do present another book to Kindle Scout, I will put the significant learnings this first experience has instructed me to use.Tips for writers entering the Kindle Scout programBook covers are completely basic to advertising your title in an extremely jam-packed commercial center. So ensure you recruit an expert to plan yours. This isn’t a tip, it’s an absolute necessity. Likewise invest energy taking a shot at your book depictions and promoting synopses - working with an expert here doesn’t hurt either. I’m hesitant to let it be known, however distributing is a business with away from of progress, including class explicit story structure and spotless, deliberate composition. There were appare ntly a large portion of a-million independently published books a year ago, so standing apart from the group is key for any author, and that implies utilizing experts to help. Recruiting an expert spread originator isn’t a tip, it’s an unquestionable requirement. In this regard, I need to show some respect for the people at Reedsy for making my work progressively attractive and community. There are some incredible experts there prepared to be found.Color of Blood is accessible in soft cover and on Amazon Kindle.For more data, visit Keith Yocum's website.Please share your musings, encounters, or any inquiries for Keith Yocum, in the remarks beneath!

George Berkeley Research Paper

George Berkeley Research Paper In the Principles of Human Knowledge, George Berkeley contends that material articles are just pictures inside the psyche. This optimism recommends that no physical non-thinking elements are genuine. The main truth of the articles is the picture inside the psyche of the perceiver of the items. For example, objects are seen by the faculties. We at that point see or decipher our own thoughts or sensations. Along these lines, the thoughts have more reality to us than does the articles that we as far as anyone knows see. Next, Berkeley characterizes the term presence. For a body to exist, one must see it or can possibly see it. However, everything that we see or can possibly see is thoughts. Along these lines, to state that a body exists is to state that you only had a thought of that body. An issue with this contention is that one can't have a thought of something without seeing the genuine item. To counter this announcement, Berkeley proposes that we can't recognize the reasonable item s structure the view of these articles. As such, it is difficult to isolate, in thought, the alleged genuine bodies that we see and feel from the psychological view of these bodies. Berkeley declares that to isolate these pictures would be practically equivalent to partitioning a human body or isolating the picture of a rose from the smell of a rose. As indicated by Berkeley, isolating these pictures would be a case of deliberation. In his push to demonstrate that material items just exist inside the psyche of the perceiver, Berkeley states that one should really see an article to have a thought regarding it. A thought exists in particular on the off chance that it is seen. Physical items are assortments of thoughts. Physical items can hence possibly exist when seen. For instance, believe an individual to think about a specific tree in his preferred field. On the off chance that he doesn't really see this tree or legitimately sense it, at that point his concept of the tree depends just on a past thought or picture of the tree. The memory of previous thoughts doesn't establish the presence of an article. Albeit just thoughts themselves, the faculties assume a key job in the contentions for Berkeleys optimism, for example, in this speedy confirmation for the nonexistence of the characteristics of bodies. Berkeley characterizes reasonable characteristics of bodies to be such things as shading, taste, figure, and movement. These characteristics are seen by the faculties. The faculties see thoughts. Thusly, the characteristics of bodies are thoughts. Berkeley advances his safeguard for this view by contending that numbers and certain faculties are thoughts inside the brain. He expresses that numbers just exist inside the psyche since they rely completely upon the comprehension of man. Thus, heat, cold, hues and other reasonable characteristics are simply expressions of love of the brain. These reasonable characteristics are not a piece of issue and could possibly exist on the off chance that somebody is there to encounter the sensation. One of Berkeleys most essential contentions for the nonexistence of dynamic bodies lies in his clarification of why activities can exist just inside the brain. To begin with, it is given that thoughts exist just inside the brain. As demonstrated before, thoughts are altogether that is seen. A thought is characterized as inactive in nature. This implies a thought can't legitimately do anything and can't be the immediate reason for anything. Along these lines, a thought can't be the similarity of a functioning being on the grounds that a thought exists just as a thought. In this manner, we can infer that expansion, figure, and movement can't create uproar on the grounds that these depictions are just thoughts inside the psyche. Berkeley proceeds with his assault on the Matter that makes up objects. Matter is characterized as idle, silly substance in which expansion, figure, and movement do really stay alive (258). Since augmentation, figure, and movement are thoughts inside the brain, matter should likewise be a thought since it is characterized by expansion, figure, and movement. In like manner, one can't see of issue without utilizing the faculties, which exist just in the brain. Berkeley approaches us to assume for a second that issue exists as a general rule however that the reasonable or auxiliary characteristics (258) exist just inside the brain. The physical body and the auxiliary characteristics would be absolutely indistinguishable from one another in light of the fact that both were expected to contain the article. Berkeley at that point recommends that the reasonable thoughts can't exist just inside the psyche while the items exist just in actuality if the two are altogether indivisible. Conseque ntly, the items must exist inside the brain too. At the finish of his contentions, Berkeley portrays the elements that exist inside the psyche of man. He clarifies that a soul causes thoughts inside the brain. The comprehension sees the thoughts while the will works or delivers thoughts. Additionally, Berkeley portrays laws of nature which are the strategies and examples that are seen by faculties. These laws might be the main genuine thoughts since they are engraved in us by the Author of Nature and instruct us to connect certain thoughts with others to figure out how to live.

How to Buy College Papers Online

How to Buy College Papers OnlineThere are many ways to buy college papers online. You can either look for a provider that sells just the papers themselves or you can opt to use a print shop that supplies a huge range of paper. Some of the options include web based online suppliers and physical stores.Web-based college papers supplier sites are quite handy in that they have a large inventory of stock available for purchase. They also have easy ordering and payment procedures. They also allow you to customize your order form to add your own notes, marking and reference pages as well as printing specifications such as the preferred color.Print shops can also be used for buying college papers and supplies. Most have large inventories and are more convenient to use because they let you print your own copies if needed. Prices are usually cheaper than those of web based providers.One great benefit is that many of these sites can accommodate your orders for many different sources of document s including the school's academic calendar, conference calls and home study courses. It is also helpful to find a supplier that offers time-sensitive orders. For example, if you are having difficulty making copies of new paper, such as the color version, you can have them printed as soon as possible so that you do not have to hold on to old files. These types of time-sensitive orders are usually best suited to online college papers suppliers.Make sure that the web paper supplier has several stock options as well as options that fit your budget. You should also find out if they offer any kind of fulfillment service that makes it easier to get copies of documents to you. Some good ideas are Web-to-Office, email delivery, or even drop shipping.If you are looking for a place to buy paper at a lower cost, there are many great deals that you can find through the search online. These days, there are many websites that offer both new and used paper, with prices to fit any budget.Check your local store for a store with a wide selection and pricing that match your student's need. It is usually more convenient to shop at a store than to have to search and locate a specific item online.You can also use buying paper online as a form of advertising as well. Word of mouth is the best advertising and a great way to inform other students that they can buy papers through a provider. This will bring in business for the college.

Analysis of Dracula and the Vampire Myth Essay - 2043 Words

The story of Dracula started long before Brahm Stoker wrote his famous novel. Vampires have been in the minds of people since the early ninth century and, perhaps, even before that. The fact that the stories are still common after all these years brings out the question of, why? What makes these vampire stories so popular? The answer may be in the material itself. Taking a wide selection of vampire stories, including Brahm Stokers classic, reveals a long list of similarities. Of course, not all stories mirror the others in all aspects of images but the images that do repeat are the ones most people readily associate with vampires. I propose that the reason Dracula and other stories of vampires are still so widely known†¦show more content†¦These stories of vampires go back much farther than the Victorian era though. They occur in almost every culture and may have wide variances. The most popular vampire legions are from Eastern European myths (Richardson) and many of the primary characteristics of behavior came from these myths. In Eastern Europe, the Slavic people from Russia to Bulgaria, Serbia to Poland, have the richest vampire folklore in the world (Richardson). The split of the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Church, in 1054 AD caused a split in development in lore about vampires. The Roman Church saw saints in those characters the Orthodox Church saw as vampires (Richardson). Romanian vampires are called Strigoi or demon or witch. These tales share many common features with the modern vampire tales. The Vircolac are more closely related to wolfs in folklore and seem to have morphed into werewolves, though they were originally thought to be vampires. All these creatures, as well as witches, were thought to be most active on the Eve of St. Georges Day (Richardson). Britain, however, did not hear of these vampires until the 1700s. The eighteenth century in Europe brought a big vampire scare when even government officials were brought into the mass killings of vampires (Richardson). This scare started in East Prussia in 1721 and arose again in theShow MoreRelatedFilm Adaptation Of Bram Stoker s Dracula1320 Words   |  6 Pagesfrightening tale of Count Dracula has struck horror into the hearts of many since it was originally penned. In 1987, Bram Stoker wrote the revolutionary tale Dracula that played off the fears of the people of the era. The plot and characters that make the novel great also translate nearly perfectly to cinematic adaptations. Starting in the early 1900’s, directors have done their best to portray the terror that the original novel inspired. Francis Ford Coppola’s Bram Stoker’s Dracula was released in 1992Read MoreThe Good Will Always Prevail1077 Words   |  5 PagesThe Good Will Always Prevail When most people think of modern-day vampires, the stereotypical Twilight and True Blood characters come into mind, but in realization this vampire fad came from a man who ruled Transylvania named Vlad Dracul, as known as Dracula. Bram Stoker wrote the novel, Dracula, with a gothic-style writing and a combined sense of romanticism. Dracula, by Bram Stoker, should be a chosen reading for this course because, Stoker refrains to many points such as: the good versus evilRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Dracula 1452 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Dracula Although Dracula was not the first vampire novel, the effect that Bram Stoker’s creation had on the vampire genre is undisputable. At the time, it was written intellectual revelations during the 19th century had begun to change what people fear. Archaic legends like vampire stories no longer inspired terror in industrializing areas like Britain. What made Dracula widely successful was the incorporation of modern themes and anxieties with the renowned archetype of the vampireRead More Repressed Sexuality in Bram Stokers Dracula Essay1426 Words   |  6 PagesRepressed Sexuality in Bram Stokers Dracula      Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps no work of literature has ever been composed without being a product of its era, mainly because the human being responsible for writing it develops their worldview within a particular era.   Thus, with Bram Stokers Dracula, though we have a vampire myth novel filled with terror, horror, and evil, the story is a thinly veiled disguise of the repressed sexual mores of the Victorian era.   If we look to critical interpretation and commentaryRead MoreSexuality In Bram Stokers Dracula1082 Words   |  5 PagesSexuality in Bram Stoker s DraculaBram Stoker s Dracula, favorably received by critics upon publication in 1897, entertained its Victorian audience with unspeakable horrors such as vampires invading bedrooms to prey on beautiful maidens under the guise of night. The novel s eroticism proved even more unspeakable. Received in the era of repression, it remains questionable whether Dracula s readership perceived the sexuality flowing from the page. An advocate for the censorship of sexual materialRead MoreThe Portrayal of the Feminine in Stoker’s Dracula Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the portrayal of the feminine in Stoker’s Dracula In Dracula, Stoker portrays the typical women: The new woman, the femme fatale and the damsel in distress, all common concepts in gothic literature. There are three predominant female roles within Dracula: Mina Murray, Lucy Westenra and the three vampire brides, all of which possess different attributes and play different roles within the novel. It is apparent that the feminine portrayal within this novel, especially the sexual nature,Read MoreLiterary Elements Of Bram Stoker s Dracula2026 Words   |  9 PagesVampire stories introduce the reader to mystery and suspense and also very interesting effects, but did you know that the story of Dracula has plenty of literary elements that better help the reader analyze and understand the story better than before. Dracula is a Vampire/Victorian book that expresses a lot of elements for example: symbolism. Literary terms such as gothic and romantics are terms used to discuss, classify, and analyze novels, poetry, and books like Dracula. The se terms are the mostRead MoreSemiotic Study of Vampires and Vampires Lore1678 Words   |  7 PagesMICA | Semiotic Study of Vampires and Vampire Lore | Individual Assignment for Semiotics | | | | Submitted by: Payel Basu Roll No: 113B A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore, with an eye on the different cultural implications that arise through the ages. | ------------------------------------------------- A semiotic study of vampires and vampire lore. The field of semiotics exists because of the realization that society has a desire to create and produce signsRead MoreLiterary Elements Of Bram Stoker s Dracula1994 Words   |  8 PagesVampire stories are full of mystery and suspense and also very interesting, but did you know that the story of Dracula has plenty of literary elements that better help the reader analyze and understand the story better than before. Dracula is a Vampire/Victorian book that expresses a lot of elements for example: symbolism. Literary terms are terms used to discuss, classify, and analyze novels, poetry, and books like Dracula. These terms are the most important aspects in a piece of work. ThroughoutRead MoreThe Twilight Saga: Redefining the Vampire Essay837 Words   |  4 PagesWhen the word â€Å"vampire† comes to mind, people think of the traditional pale-faced, malicious bloodsuckers, sporting a cape and killing people when they’re sleeping. Wrong! Nowadays, the image of a vampire is a handsome, polite, and loving person who protects humans. The new cultural phenomenon Twilight is building a new degrading image for vampires that slaps the face of all previous authors, directors, writers, etc. who contributed to giving the monster its unique image in the past. Simply searching

Why Americans Once Gave the ‘Bellamy Salute’

The American school children in the picture are showing their loyalty to our flag and country by giving the â€Å"Bellamy Salute† while reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. Despite how it might look, the Bellamy Salute had nothing to do with Nazi dictator Adolph Hitler, but it did cause quite stir many years ago. In fact, the Bellamy Salute is an interesting aside on the history of the Pledge of Allegiance itself. Who Was â€Å"Bellamy?† Francis J. Bellamy actually wrote the original Pledge of Allegiance at the request of Daniel Sharp Ford, owner of a popular Boston-based magazine of the day named the Youth’s Companion. In 1892, Ford began a campaign to place American flags in every classroom in the nation. Ford believed that with the Civil War (1861-1865) still so fresh in the memories of so many Americans, a great public show of patriotism would help stabilize a still fragile nation. Along with the flags, Sharp assigned Bellamy, one of his staff writers at the time, to create a short phrase to be recited to honor the flag and all it stood for. Bellamy’s work, the Pledge of Allegiance to the flag, was published in the Youth’s Companion, and immediately struck a chord with Americans. The first organized use of the Pledge of Allegiance came on Oct. 12, 1892, when some 12 million American school children recited it to commemorate the 400-year anniversary of the voyage of Christopher Columbus. In 1943, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school administrators or teachers could not force students to recite the Pledge. How it Became Bellamy’s Salute Bellamy and Sharp also felt a physical, non-military style salute should be given to the flag as the Pledge was recited. When the instructions for the salute were printed in the Youth’s Companion under his name, the gesture became known as the Bellamy Salute. The instructions for the Bellamy Salute were simple: When reciting the Pledge, each person was to extend their right arm straight ahead and pointing slightly upward, with their fingers pointing straight ahead or in the direction of the flag, if present. And That Was Fine†¦ Until Americans had no problem with the Bellamy Salute and rendered it proudly until the days before World War II, when Italians and Germans began showing loyalty to dictators Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler with the disturbingly similar â€Å"Heil Hitler!† salute. Americans giving the Bellamy Salute began to fear that they might be mistaken as showing allegiance to the growingly powerful European fascist and Nazi regimes. In his book â€Å"To the Flag: The Unlikely History of the Pledge of Allegiance,† author Richard J. Ellis wrote, â€Å"the similarities in the salute had begun to attract comment as early as the mid-1930s.† Fears also began to grow that the editors of European newspapers and films could easily crop the American flag from pictures of Americans giving the Bellamy Salute, thus giving Europeans the false impression that Americans were beginning to support Hitler and Mussolini. As Ellis wrote in his book, â€Å"the embarrassing resemblance between the ‘Heil Hitler’ salute and the salute that accompanied the Pledge of Allegiance,† stirred fears among many Americans that the Bellamy Salute could be used overseas for pro-fascist propaganda purposes. So Congress Ditched It On December 22, 1942, back in the days when Congress really took care of business, lawmakers passed a bill amending the U.S. Flag Code to mandate that the Pledge of Allegiance should â€Å"be rendered by standing with the right hand over the heart,† exactly like we do it today. Other Changes to the Pledge Besides the demise of the Bellamy Salute in 1942, the exact wording of the Pledge of Allegiance has been changed over the years. For example, the phrase â€Å"I pledge allegiance to the flag,† was original written by Bellamy as â€Å"I pledge allegiance to my flag.† The â€Å"my† was dropped out of concerns that immigrants to the United States, even those who had completed the naturalization process, might be seen as pledging allegiance to the flag of their home nation. The biggest and by far most controversial change came in 1954, when President Dwight D. Eisenhower drove a move to add the words â€Å"under God† after â€Å"one nation.† â€Å"In this way we are reaffirming the transcendence of religious faith in America’s heritage and future; in this way we shall constantly strengthen those spiritual weapons which forever will be our countrys most powerful resource in peace and war,† declared Eisenhower at the time. In June 2002, the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco declared the entire Pledge of Allegiance unconstitutional because of its inclusion of the phrase â€Å"under God.† The court held that the phrase violated the First Amendment’s guarantee of separation of church and state. However, the next day, 9th Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Alfred Goodwin, issued a stay that prevented enforcement of the ruling. So while its wording may change again, you can bet the Bellamy Salute will have no place in the future of the Pledge of Allegiance.

Negative Effects Of Social Media - 1517 Words

What is Social Media? As stated on Dictionary.com, social media is â€Å"websites and other online means of communication that are used by large groups of people to share information and to develop social and professional contacts†. There are a huge variety of social media sites such as, Facebook, Twitter, Myspace, Instagram, and YouTube. As our technology gets more and more advanced and new devices come out, social media itself is growing as well. Because of the growth of social media, our lives are being effected every single day by it. These effects in our lives are not all positive, but they are not all negative either. In today’s world, social media has now started to affect our everyday lives. People no longer watch the news or read the†¦show more content†¦Certain news stations use websites like Facebook to live stream a press conference or police chase as it is happening, which is useful to people who will be traveling or who are trying to keep up to da te, but don’t have current access to a television. Social media also allows for the open expression of your views. This allows others to see your opinion and share their similar ideas with you, or even express their opposing views. Along with these positives, comes the negatives. If you go to a classroom and watch from the back, you’ll notice how many students are using their cell phones when the professor isn’t looking, or who are using it out in the open without any care. This not only causes a distraction for themselves, but to others as well. This is not the only time that social media can be causing a distraction either. While doing homework or studying, students tend to easily get bored. Their fix to this is to take a break and get on social media. While a break can be good occasionally after long periods of studying, sometimes, they may not return to their studying after picking up their phone. Social Media’s Effect on Political Thinking There isn’t really a part of our lives that social media doesn’t at least touch. When it comes to politics, social media can have a huge effect. No matter how into politics someone is, social media sites can have a huge impact on a person’s views about a specific candidate or member. Someone who can have no information atShow MoreRelatedThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1648 Words   |  7 Pages I’ve learned that everything that glitters ain’t gold. In my middle school days I’ve experienced the negative effects of social media, Now when I say social media, I’m referring to Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and Snapchat. By me being very active on social media I’ve been taunted, teased, threatened and harassed along with having low- self esteem and some suicidal thoughts . According to a recent study in the JAMA pediatrics, 23% of teens report they are or have been the target of cyberbullyingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1350 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s society, social media is an important tool that many people use daily for various purposes. On social media, people share their opinions, events in their lives, and news. They also use social media as a tool for entertainment and as a way of keeping in touch with their friends. Because of its various uses, the use of social media increased very significantly over the years and it is no surprise that many scholars from different disciplines took an interest in the use of social media. These scholarsRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1509 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing millennials, social media is as natural to the people of today as breathing or drinking water. Social media is a â€Å"series of websites and applications that have been designed to allow people to share content and communicate with each other quickly and efficiently† (â€Å"What is Social Media, 2017). A few people have a more confined perspective of social media likening it to mean the same as interacting on sites like Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and others. The power of so cial media is such that, theRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Social Media1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe Negative Effects of Social Media Introduction 1. Attention Getter: a. What is the first thing most people do in the morning? i. Brush teeth? ii. Go to the bathroom? iii. Feed your dog? iv. The correct answer is actually checking your phone. 1. According to a recent study by IDC Research, 80% of smartphone users check their phones within 15 minutes of waking up each morning. b. What on your phone is so important? i. Social media c. Social Media i. According to Dictionary.com, social media is consideredRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1297 Words   |  6 PagesIn the twenty-first century, social media plays an extensive part in most people’s lives. Instagram, Twitter, and many other social networks can cause adverse psychological harm and even lead to physical harm. Although many may argue that social media pertains to be useful, there prove to be more harmful aspects rather than helpful aspects of these media sites. These effects are not only psychological, but they may also be physical. Not only do social networks cause depression, anxiety, and cyberbullyingRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1716 Words   |  7 PagesTwitter, Instagram, and many other social media sites, these changed the way that we communicate with one another. Social platforms allow people to share events of their own lives, through posting photos, leaving comments, updating their status, and many others. For example, â€Å"As of today, there are a little over 322 million people that live in the United States, 64% of whom own a smartphone. This means that approximately 206 million people have access to social media, anywhere at any time. FurthermoreRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1743 Words   |  7 Pagesthese people are on their social media accounts. According to Brooke Lusk, the database and media manager for the Prevention Researcher, social media can be defined as, â€Å"an aspect of the internet which allows individuals and groups to create and publish online content, share the content, and interact about it.† These days, people are very involved with the internet and social media. Some think this is a benefit while others think this is a detriment for many reasons. Social media allows people to stayRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1651 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Media Affects Typewriters to computers, telephones to smartphones, written letters to communicating through social media such as snapchat and instagram, demonstrates how times have changed with communication. The earlier generations growing up had to use their imaginations and creative minds in order to be entertained. Playing outside with friends, building forts, and playing school were some of the many favorite activities of children. Today, you see smartphones in the hands of young childrenRead MoreNegative Effects Of Social Media1719 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, social media has become more advanced. From the way it allows us to reach out to those closest to us, to giving us updates on the latest news, social media has indeed left a great impact. Through social media, anyone online has been able to communicate efficiently with others. It helps broaden our knowledge and increase our self-esteem in many ways. It has assisted in connecting to anyone from specific age groups and environments simil ar to our own. However, with all that social media has assistedRead MoreSocial Media: Negative Effect1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe Negative Effect of Social Media By Javoris Brown Critical Thinking Strayer University 2013 Social media is define as a type of communication that takes place online between individuals through user profiles or blogs. It allows the transfer of various information and files including pictures, audio recordings, and videos. Users are capable of interactions that don’t require face to face communications. Some users even utilize this type of media as a tool to stay connected to family

Almarai USA Operation Management of Almarai Organisation

Question: Discuss about the Operation Management of Almarai Organisation. Answer: Introduction This study has highlighted the operation management of Almarai, a dairy food industry of Saudi Arabia. This study has provided the overall input, transformation and the output functioning of the firm. In addition, this study is also helpful to identify the major operations performed by the organisation. In this connection, this study has also identified the competitive advantage of Almarai. On the other hand, this study is benefitted to evaluate the capacity planning, inventory management, supply chain measurement and the performance measurement of the mentioned organisation. Background of the organisation Almarai is belonging from the food industry, which has the specialisation in the manufacturing of dairy products. This organisation was established in the year of 1977. The headquarter of this organisation is at Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Initially, the organisation has a partnership with Irish agri foods pioneer Alastair McGuckian. In the year of 2005, Almarai has incorporated a new cheese plant. In 2007, Almarai has started their bakery business. In this connection, Almarai has started the construction of new bakery facility in Al Kharj (Almarai. 2016). This organisation has received several awards for its operations. In the year of 2009, Almarai has acquired HADCO. After that, Almarai has launched a new poultry brand namely, Alyoum. In addition, it can be mentioned that Almarai made a partnership with Pepsico in the year of 2009. This partnership also launched a joint venture with the Juice organisation and also with the International Dairy. As per the statement of Helleno et al. (2 015), it can be mentioned that major products of Almarai are dairy, Yogurt, Juices, poultry, bakeries and infant formula. Identification of the overall input, transformation and output operations of the firm Figure 1: Input-transformation-output process (Source: Jin et al. 2015) From the above figure, it can be observed that the overall production approach of an organisation can be performed by following three definite steps such as input, transformation and the output method. In this study, these three mentioned steps of the production process of dairy sector of Almarai has discussed in this context. As per the statement of Li, Li and Feng (2014), it can be mentioned that Almarai has used milk, colostrums, liquid milk products, fresh cream and also the thickened cream, butter, ghee, whey, butter milk powdered as the input materials to manufacture the best qualities dairy products. In this connection, it can be mentioned that this information has collected from the management of the organisation. The manufacturing head of Almarai has mentioned that the organisation used only the best qualities products in their production. In the words of Mohammadi, Soleymani and Mozafari (2014), this has increased the productivity of the dairy manufacturing organisation. Secondly, it can be stated that the location of Almarai is appropriate for getting the raw materials, which are required for the dairy manufacturing products. In this connection, Niknam, Golestaneh and Malekpour (2012) mentioned that position of the organisation is the key element for making a business successful. The head quarte r of Almarai is at Riyadh, which is the most populous city. Therefore, it can be predicted that the overall sales of the organisation would be increased. According to Parisio, Rikos and Glielmo (2016), it can be mentioned that in the transformation stage of the dairy production, Almarai has aimed to the food safety hazards program. As per this program, it can be stated that the organisation need to control the food safety hazards by formulating the documented food safety program. In addition, it is also required to follow several supporting programs. As per these programs, Almarai requires to keep the environment keep and clean. Therefore, it can be stated that the pests can be reduced in the manufacturing process. On the other hand, the organisation ensures that milk requires to cool and then requires to store at a certain temperature. This can prevent or can also reduce the growth of the microbiological hazards. In the words of Sedaghati and Kavousi-Fard (2014), it can be stated that Almarai requires to supervise the activities of the employees. In this connection, the organisation has aimed to the food safety and hygiene matters wi thin the organisation. Moreover, it can be opined that a dairy manufacturing business requires to focus to the controlling of time and temperature. The last stage of the production process can be considered as the output. In this case, Stoppato (2012) opined that Almarai has aimed to the packaging of the products. In this purpose, the organisation requires to focus to the weighing, sealing as well as on the labelling of the products. In the next stage, the organisation keeps the manufactured goods in the storage room for preventing the products from damage. Supply chain design: Supply chain design process is helpful to enhance the profitability and the shareholder valuation. The management of Almarai requires to follow the market and the sourcing strategies. This will generate the optimum financial performance. Supply chain design needs to manage the constraints and margins. By following these regulations and practices in their business, the management of the organisation can earn higher profitability. However, Flint, Signori and Golicic (2016) argued that there is uncertainty as well as risk in demand and supply and these are required to the organisation during the designing of supply chain (Waller and Fawcett 2013). On the other hand, Almarai needs to balance the short term and long-term plans and objectives. Therefore, it can be inferred that supply chain design requires to provide the organisation a detailed insights, which would shows how the demand can achieve the business profitability. In addition, with the help of supply chain designs, opportunitie s to increase the profit can be identified. Moreover, supply chain cost can reduce the consumer responsiveness. Figure 2: Supply chain design (Source: Flint, Signori and Golicic 2016) Identification of major operation areas and the competitive advantage According to Zhang, Shah and Papageorgiou (2013), it can be stated that operation areas are critical to the competitive advantage of an organisation. There are five major operational areas, which can gain the competitive advantage of Almarai. These operational areas are such as quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and cost. In the point of Li, Li and Feng (2014), it can be mentioned that quality can enhance the competitive advantage of the organisation. As a result, it can be stated that the organisation can set out their targeted consumers. In addition, Almarai can reduce the price of their manufacturing goods. However, the speed aspect can deliver their products to the consumers more quickly. This aspect can also offer superior consumer services, which focus to the after sales services. Hence, it can be mentioned that the organisational risks can be reduced. Dependability is helpful to identify the level of stocks of the organisation. In order to measure the level of sock of the organisation, Almarai requires to improve the working conditions as well as the internal maintaining facilities. This would in turn save the money of the organisation due to the lack of disruption. As opined by Mohammadi, Soleymani and Mozafari (2014), it can be mentioned that workplace flexibility can be categorised into four sections such as product, mix of the goods, quantity and the delivery. Nevertheless, Parisio, Rikos and Glielmo (2016) questioned that product flexibility convert the rigid mass production towards the mass customisation in order to achieve the global requirements. Therefore, Almarai has focused to the quantity and the time of delivery in order to satisfy the consumers needs. This will improve the product development approach for the development of new products. Lastly, cost structure is the key measurement for the improvement of a business. According to Niknam, Golestaneh and Malekpour (2012), it can be mentioned that ideal cost structure of the manufacturing goods can increase the profitability of the business. Therefore, revenue earning of an organisation can be improved. Evaluate the performance of each area In order to measure the performance of quality, speed, flexibility, dependability and cost for gaining the competitive advantage, the organisation has used some specific tools such as capacity planning, inventory management, supply chain design and the quality management. Capacity planning is helpful to forecast the budget of a business in order to meet the present operations and can meet the business objectives. As a result, based on the predicted budget, Almarai can set out the price of the products and the quality aspect can be improved. Moreover, capacity planning is helpful to identify the future capacity needs. This will in turn increase the production of an organisation. It can monitor the cost structure of the manufactured goods. By following the inventory management, an organisation can increase the inventories as well as the level of stock. This would be benefitted for increase the functioning of dependability. This would generate the higher profitability within the organisation. On the other hand, Parisio, Rikos and Glielmo (2016) cited that supply chain management is a network, which can move the product from one stage to another. In addition, this can increase the customer service of the organisation. Therefore, it can be mentioned that Almarai aimed to improve the customer service of the organisation by delivering the products to the customers within the proposed date. Therefore, the speed aspect can perform successfully in order to gain the competitive advantage of an organisation. Recommendation After analysing the entire study, it can be recommended that Almarai requires to follow some relevant marketing dynamics such as speed, dependability, flexibility, cost and quality, which can gain the competitive advantage of the business. In this respect, it can be stated that if Almarai would not be able to deliver the products to the consumers, then the good will of the organisation towards the consumers would be declined. In this pount, it can be recommended that speed sustainable dimension would be benefitted. By following this sustainable dimension, the food industry can deliver the products to their clients within the proposed date. Moreover, the dairy farm has planned to set out the price of the product affordable. They used modern technology and updated techniques in the manudacturing process. As a result, it can be inferred that the quality of products would be improved. This would be helpful to gain the competitive advantage of the organisation. On the other hand, it can b e recommended that inventory and capacity management require to work effectively. In this respect, it can be stated that Almarai has the competitive advantage in the manufacturing of dairy products based on the level of stock. Capacity management can efficiently estimate this level of stock of an organisation. Therefore, it can be mentioned that the productivity of the organisation will be increased. In addition, the service quality of Almarai will be improved. Conclusion This study has highlighted the operation management of Almarai organisation of Saudi Arabia. In this purpose, this study has discussed the overall input, transformation and the output operation of the organisation. As a result, it can be understood what materials are used for the manufacturing process of the dairy products. On the other hand, this study has identified the competitive advantage. In this context, this study has mentioned how Almarai has achieved the competitive advantage through the operation management. Moreover, this study has described some quantitative techniques such as capacity management, inventory management, and supply chain management in order to solve the operation management challenges within the business. References Almarai. (2016).Almarai - About Almarai Company. Available at: https://www.almarai.com/en/about [Accessed 27 Dec. 2016]. Helleno, A.L., Pimentel, C.A., Ferro, R., Santos, P.F., Oliveira, M.C. and Simon, A.T., 2015. Integrating value stream mapping and discrete events simulation as decision making tools in operation management.The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,80(5-8), pp.1059-1066. Jin, C., Djurdjanovic, D., Ardakani, H.D., Wang, K., Buzza, M., Begheri, B., Brown, P. and Lee, J., 2015, August. A comprehensive framework of factory-to-factory dynamic fleet-level prognostics and operation management for geographically distributed assets. In2015 IEEE International Conference on Automation Science and Engineering (CASE)(pp. 225-230). IEEE. Li, C.B., Li, P. and Feng, X., 2014. Analysis of wind power generation operation management risk in China.Renewable Energy,64, pp.266-275. Mohammadi, S., Soleymani, S. and Mozafari, B., 2014. Scenario-based stochastic operation management of microgrid including wind, photovoltaic, micro-turbine, fuel cell and energy storage devices.International Journal of Electrical Power Energy Systems,54, pp.525-535. Niknam, T., Golestaneh, F. and Malekpour, A., 2012. Probabilistic energy and operation management of a microgrid containing wind/photovoltaic/fuel cell generation and energy storage devices based on point estimate method and self-adaptive gravitational search algorithm.Energy,43(1), pp.427-437. Parisio, A., Rikos, E. and Glielmo, L., 2016. Stochastic model predictive control for economic/environmental operation management of microgrids: An experimental case study.Journal of Process Control,43, pp.24-37. Sedaghati, R. and Kavousi-Fard, A., 2014. A hybrid fuzzy-PEM stochastic framework to solve the optimal operation management of distribution feeder reconfiguration considering wind turbines.Journal of Intelligent Fuzzy Systems,26(4), pp.1711-1721. Stoppato, A., 2012. Energetic and economic investigation of the operation management of an Organic Rankine Cycle cogeneration plant.Energy,41(1), pp.3-9. Zhang, D., Shah, N. and Papageorgiou, L.G., 2013. Efficient energy consumption and operation management in a smart building with microgrid.Energy Conversion and Management,74, pp.209-222. Flint, D.J., Signori, P. and Golicic, S.L., 2016. Supply Chain Design. InContemporary Wine Marketing and Supply Chain Management(pp. 117-129). Palgrave Macmillan US. Waller, M.A. and Fawcett, S.E., 2013. Data science, predictive analytics, and big data: a revolution that will transform supply chain design and management.Journal of Business Logistics,34(2), pp.77-84.

Human Prostate Essay Example

Human Prostate Essay 1 Introduction 1.1 The prostate The human prostate is a complex organ composed of glandular and non-glandular constructions, which are surrounded by a thin bed of connective tissue. It is located below the vesica and in forepart of the rectum, and surrounds the urethra. During embryogenesis, the prostate is formed through epithelial budding from the urogenital fistula, and undergoes extended ductal branch and ramification into the environing mesenchyme during pubescence. Prostate development during pubescence is regulated by male sex endocrines, in peculiar dihydrotestosterone. The prostate is a portion of the male generative system, but is non required for viability or birthrate. Its chief map is the secernment of the prostate fluid during interjection. Together with sperm cell and seminal cyst fluid, the prostate fluid constitutes the seeds and protects sperm from the sourness of the vaginal piece of land. A healthy grownup prostate has about the size and form of a walnut. The human prostate is really prone to pathology, particularly with progressing age. Expansion or hardening of the prostate, every bit good as elevated serum PSA degrees may bespeak upsets such as prostatitis, benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) or prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. Prostatitis is an redness of the prostate secretory organ that can ensue in hurting, micturition jobs and sexual disfunctions. Acute and chronic signifiers of prostatitis can be distinguished, and are related to increase in serum PSA degrees, which normally decrease to normal values after intervention. Benign prostate hyperplasia ( BPH ) , characterized by increased proliferation of the prostate epithelial tissue and stroma, occurs spontaneously in work forces over the age of 30. A prevalence of about 100 % can be observed in work forces in their 9th decennary. The causes of BPH are mostly unknown, but there is a possible nexus to high fat diet, endocrines and household history. Although the symptoms of BPH resemble those of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, it is non associated with prostate carcinoma and can be cured by medicine or surgery. BPH develops from the passage zone of the prostate, and its histological characteristics ( enlargement of the basal bed and extended stromal proliferation ) are distinguishable from those of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. 1.2 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease, a soundless slayer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Prostate specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human Prostate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human Prostate specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The fact that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a complex and heterogenous disease unusually hampers its sensing, forecast and the elucidation of its causes. The exact incidences responsible for the oncoming of this malignance are hence still vague. However, owing to epidemiological surveies, some possible hazard factors could be assigned. They include hormonal instabilities, environmental influences, age, heredity, genetic sciences and nutrition. In general, one hazard factor entirely is non sufficient to trip prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, but the concurrency of assorted elements is necessary. Since most of the investigated prostate carcinomas do non demo the same familial changes, it is hard to specify the exact responsible events. In the industrialised universe, prostate glandular cancer is the most common malignance diagnosed in work forces, and its metastatic signifier represents the 2nd cause of cancer-related decease. Cancer statistics estimate that about 1 adult male out of 5 will be diagnosed with prostatic malignant neoplastic disease during his life-time, and merely one tierce of the diagnosed instances are deadly. Unfortunately, it is hard to foretell the result of a diagnosed prostate malignant neoplastic disease instance, because the class of the disease varies significantly from patient to patient. It is impossible to find whether the carcinoma will stay faineant or becomes clinically aggressive. Although most prostatic malignant neoplastic disease instances neer become deadly and the patients dice of other causes, prostate malignant neoplastic disease still does kill around 30000 work forces per twelvemonth in the United States harmonizing to the American Cancer Society5 The prostate malignant neoplastic disease incidence varies widely between states, which suggests the deduction of life style and dietetic factors in prostate malignant neoplastic disease development. The highest rates are observed in industrialised states, such as the United States and Western Europe, while South and East Asia display the lowest incidence rates4. In Austria, around 3700 new instances of prostate malignant neoplastic disease were registered in 1996, and in 2005, the incidence was more than 5000. However, since mortality in prostatic malignant neoplastic disease patients did non increase in this period, the rapid addition of ascertained prostate malignant neoplastic disease instances is ascribed to improved and earlier diagnosing by the intensive development and execution of the PSA testing trial. 1.3 Diagnostic methods for prostate malignant neoplastic disease Although prostate malignant neoplastic disease is non needfully lethal, early sensing and intervention is indispensable for a successful remedy. When diagnosed and treated in the initial, organ-confined phase, prostate malignant neoplastic disease has a singular remedy rate of more than 90 % . On the other manus, untreated prostate malignant neoplastic disease can progress to more aggressive signifiers, which invade and metastasize to other variety meats, and eventually ensue in decease. Therefore, considerable attempt has been put into the designation of predictive markers and development of effectual showing trials. A first indicant for prostate malignant neoplastic disease can be obtained by Digital Rectal Examination ( DRE ) and transrectal ultrasound ( TRUS ) , by which the status of the prostate is evaluated by its surface. Healthy prostate tissue is soft, whereas a malignant prostate appears instead difficult and frequently asymmetrical. 1.3.1 Serum PSA as index for prostate malignances The most widely spread testing method is the prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) trial. PSA is produced entirely by prostatic epithelial cells and released with the ejaculatory fluid. Small sums of PSA can be traced in the blood, and elevated serum PSA degrees can bespeak prostatic redness, infection or malignant neoplastic disease. The PSA trial measures the sum of PSA in the blood in ng/mL, and a value of up to 4 ng/mL is considered to be normal for work forces of age around 60. However, since the PSA degree additions with age, PSA values of more than 4.5 ng/ml for work forces over 70 are besides considered to be normal. Therefore, it is besides of import to detect the addition of PSA degrees over clip. False positive ( elevated PSA degree, but no malignant neoplastic disease ) or false negative consequences ( normal PSA degree, but malignant neoplastic disease ) are the major disadvantages of the PSA trial ; hence, a subsequent acerate leaf biopsy is obligatory to decidedly govern out the presence of malignant neoplastic disease when the PSA degree is high. Alternatively, for better indicant of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, the ratio of free PSA to number PSA is measured. Malignant prostate cells produce more complexed PSA, i.e. PSA edge to other proteins in the blood. A low degree of free PSA in relation to entire PSA ( free + bound PSA ) might bespeak a cancerous prostate, whereas a high degree of free PSA compared to entire PSA might bespeak a normal prostate, BPH or prostatitis. 1.3.2 Tumor biopsy and histological scaling In order to govern out the type of malignant neoplastic disease, its location and phase of development, cell samples from several countries of the prostate are extracted with a biopsy acerate leaf and graded harmonizing to the Gleason scaling system. The Gleason scaling system assesses specific characteristics, such as the glandular construction, size and form, every bit good as the grade of invasion, and evaluates the prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells on a graduated table between 1 and 5 ( Figure 1 ) . A higher Gleason grade indicates a more aggressive and advanced malignant neoplastic disease. Gleason grade 1 and 2 represent well-differentiated malignant neoplastic disease cells with regular forms and chiseled boundaries that still resemble healthy prostate cells. The most common Gleason class is Gleason class 3 and depict cells that are moderately-differentiated. Gleason grade 4 and 5 correspond to poorly-differentiated malignant neoplastic disease cells with ill defined boundaries and bespeak a more aggressive malignant neoplastic disease. Since cancerous prostates are outstandingly heterogenous and consist of countries with different classs, a combined Gleason mark is necessary for a more exact theatrical production of the malignant neoplastic disease. The combined Gleason mark represents the amount of the two most common classs within a tumour. For illustration, if the most common form is grade 4, and the 2nd most common form grade 3, the combined Gleason mark is 7 ( i.e. 4+3 ) . Harmonizing to the Gleason mark, the tumour is so defined as well-differentiated ( Gleason score 2 4 ) , moderately-differentiated ( Gleason score 5 -6 ) or poorly-differentiated ( Gleason score 7 10 ) . In general, a lower combined Gleason mark indicates a less aggressive malignant neoplastic disease, whereas a higher Gleason mark signifies a more aggressive malignant neoplastic disease with hapless forecast for long-run endurance. Cancers with a high Gleason mark are more likely to hold already metastasized to other variety meats at the clip of diagnosing. Figure 1: Conventional diagram of the Gleason scaling system Conventional diagram of the Gleason scaling system ( courtesy of Dr. D.F. Gleason, Minneapolis, Minnesota, Integrated design courtesy of Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center 1.4 The class of prostate malignant neoplastic disease Most prostatic tumours grow really easy and remain faineant for many old ages, such that the bulk of work forces diagnosed with prostate malignant neoplastic disease dice of other causes than prostatic malignant neoplastic disease. The clinical class of prostatic malignant neoplastic disease is characterized by several phases ( Figure 2 ) . Potential precursor lesions, referred to as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia ( PIN ) , can be observed in work forces already in their mid-twentiess, and their incidence additions with patient age. Although there is no definite grounds for PIN being the precursor of prostate malignant neoplastic disease, it is considered to be closely related to it. Most normally, PIN lesions arise in the peripheral zone of the prostate, with secretory epithelial cells get downing to turn in an uncontrolled mode, organizing little bunchs of malignant neoplastic disease cells. The clumps consist of luminal epithelial cells with atomic and structural atypia, but integral basal cell bed and cellar membrane. The multifocal nature and chromosomal abnormalcies of PIN lesions resemble those of invasive carcinoma. Since PIN lesions do non bring forth increased degrees of serum PSA, they can be detected merely in biopsy samples, and non through blood proving. Two signifiers of PIN can be distinguished harm onizing to their badness low class ( LG ) and high class ( HG ) PIN. Slowly, but increasingly, high class PIN lesions farther develop to invasive carcinoma, with cancerous cells distributing into the stroma around the prostate tissue. This is facilitated by the loss of the basal epithelial tissue. By and large, the visual aspect of HG PIN precedes the visual aspect of invasive carcinoma by at least 10 old ages. The concluding measure is the acquisition of the ability to last in the absence of androgens. The ab initio hormone-responsive malignant neoplastic disease cells become androgen independent and invade proximate variety meats ( e.g. seminal cysts or the rectum ) , or metastasise via the blood stream or the lymphatic system to more distant variety meats. The most common sites of metastasis are castanetss, lymph nodes, rectum and vesica. Clinically, morphologically and molecular genetically, prostate malignant neoplastic disease shows extensive heterogeneousness. One cancerous secretory organ can incorporate non-cancerous cells every bit good as multiple malignant focal point, and tumours of the same phase can demo unusually different clinical classs. 1.4.1 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction Much attempt has been put into clarifying the factors responsible for the oncoming of prostate malignant neoplastic disease. However, the exact events associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction still remain mostly unknown. Many hypotheses are based on chronic infection or chronic inflammatory diseases, which are thought to be the cause of approximately 20 % of all human malignant neoplastic diseases, including prostate malignant neoplastic disease, . Exposure to environmental factors, viral or bacterial infective agents or dietetic carcinogens, every bit good as hormonal instabilities, can take to prostate tissue harm. Subsequently, as an effort to renew lost or injured tissue, prostate epithelial cells proliferate at a higher rate, giving rise to a lesion called proliferative inflammatory wasting ( PIA ) . PIA is non merely characterized by increased cell proliferation, but besides by extended infiltration of inflammatory cells. PIA is thought to be a possible precursor of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia ( PIN ) , and hence considered as a precancerous lesion. The hypothesis that PIA and PIN are precursors to prostate malignant neoplastic disease is supported by the fact that both lesions derive fr om the peripheral zone, like prostate carcinoma, and are found in many extremist prostatectomy samples. Another hypothesis for prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction proposes unbalanced interaction between smooth musculus and epithelial tissue. Homeostatic epithelial/stromal interactions play an indispensable function in the growing of the normal prostate, whereas break of this homeostasis has been found in the neoplastic prostate. Familial harm in the prostate epithelial tissue potentially leads to interrupt signaling to the next stroma, which in bend, fails to signal suitably back to the epithelial tissue. Therefore, ordinance of prostatic epithelial growing and distinction is increasingly lost, ensuing in uncontrolled proliferation that contributes to tumorigenesis. Other hypotheses propose the deduction of prostate malignant neoplastic disease primogenitor cells with root cell belongingss. These primogenitor cells, which make out merely 0,1 % of the entire prostate cells, are thought to be present in a prostate root cell niche at the cellar membrane of the prostate secretory organ and can be characterized by several root cell markers, such as CD133, root cell antigen ( Sca-1 ) or prostatic root cell antigen ( PSCA ) . They besides have basal cell features, such as androgen-independency due to miss of AR, and look K5, K14, p63, anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and telomerase. The primogenitor cells are thought to bring forth intermediate cells that farther differentiate to neuroendocrine and luminal secretory epithelial cells. Deregulated signaling in these multipotent root cells or the intermediate cells perchance affects their distinction and consequences in limitless cell division and reduced programmed cell death. 1.4.2 Prostate malignant neoplastic disease patterned advance The trademark of advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease is the passage from androgen-dependence to androgen-independence. Like the normal prostate, early phases of prostate malignant neoplastic disease require the presence of androgen for development, growing and endurance. The chief androgen circulating in the serum is testosterone. In the prostate epithelial tissue, testosterone is converted by the enzyme 5-a-reductase to its metabolic signifier dihydrotestosterone ( DHT ) , and exerts its physiological map through the androgen receptor ( AR ) , a member of the steroid endocrine superfamily of ligand-activated receptors. The pioneering work of Huggins and Hodges has shown that prostate malignant neoplastic disease is inhibited by riddance of androgen. As a effect, androgen extirpation therapy has been established as an efficient intervention option for early disease phases. In contrast, tumour cells are feasible in low androgen degrees in advanced or stubborn disease, which renders hormone extirpation therapy at ulterior phases ineffective. Despite extended probe, the mechanisms taking to androgen-independent disease are still non to the full understood. It is ill-defined whether the ability to proliferate and last in the absence of androgen is acquired by tumour cells in advanced phases of the disease, or whether emasculation degrees of androgen enforce a selective force per unit area and supply a growing advantage for tumour cells that are already androgen-independent for some ground. Sing the root cell hypothesis for malignant neoplastic disease, it is proposed that the prostate malignant neoplastic disease root or primogenitor cells are capable of continuously providing the tumour with limitless cell populations by distinguishing into androgen-dependent every bit good as androgen-independent cells, therefore supplying tumour stuff that is non affected by androgen-depletion therapy. Most surveies, though, were focused on androgen and its blood relation receptor, uncovering abundant information on their possible functions in the class of the disease, . However, the acquisition of androgen-independence is besides possible through mechanisms that wholly bypass androgen map. Ligand-independent mechanisms that induce AR signaling indirectly include cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and neuropeptides released by neuroendocrine cells. The presence of neuroendocrine cells has been shown to be frequent in androgen-refractory prostate malignant neoplastic disease, and their tumor-promoting consequence is based on the secernment of neuropeptides such as 5-hydroxytryptamine or bombesin, which can increase the proliferation of neighbouring cells, leting them to turn in a low-androgen environment. It has been shown that secretory proteins from neuroendocrine cells can increase the degrees of active AR and bring on the NF-kB tract in LNCaP cells. A mechanism taking to androgen independency, but wholly short-circuiting the AR tract, is the acquisition of opposition to apoptosis by prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells.. This can be attained through several mechanisms, such as overexpression of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 household, loss or mutant of p53 map, inactivation of PTEN and subsequent activation of the PI3K/Akt tract, every bit good as overexpression of inhibitors of programmed cell death ( IAPs ) . Other factors, such as tumour hypoxia, increased autocrine and paracrine release of growing factors ( EGF, IGF, TGF- A ; Atilde ; Y1 ) , every bit good as cytokines and inflammatory go-betweens such as TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6 and IL-8 besides lead to apoptosis equivocation. 1.5 Curative options Initially, when the growing of the prostate tumour is localized and dependent on androgens, patients can be efficaciously treated by androgen-deprivation. The handiness of testosterone, which prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells need to turn, can be reduced by surgery ( extremist or partial prostatectomy ) , emasculation ( hormonal therapy ) , or radiation therapy. In most of the instances, a arrested development of the tumour can be achieved, and the remittals normally last 2 to 3 old ages ( Zitat ) . However, active surveillance by regular DRE and PSA trials, every bit good as periodic biopsies are necessary to carefully track for marks of disease patterned advance, because in the bulk of instances, recurrent tumours arise. They are normally more aggressive and accompanied by unsuitably restored androgen signaling and androgen-independence, doing androgen-deprivation therapy ineffective. Chemotherapy is non the primary therapy for prostate malignant neoplastic disease, but instead an option when the malignant neoplastic disease has metastasized to other parts of the organic structure. Unfortunately, it is non really efficient and hence, recurrent and metastasized prostate malignant neoplastic disease is considered as incurable with a life anticipation of 16-18 months. 1.6 Familial alterations happening in prostate malignant neoplastic disease On the molecular degree, the development of prostate malignant neoplastic disease is a complex and multi-step procedure, necessitating the interaction of several events, such as mutants, cistron elaboration, overexpression of transforming genes or loss of tumour suppresser cistrons. Since prostate tumours are heterogenous, they can incorporate multiple focal point that are genotypically distinguishable from each other, exposing benign secretory organs, preneoplastic lesion ( PIN ) every bit good as neoplastic focal point in one tumour. Therefore, it is hard to find the exact molecular participants involved in the induction and each measure of disease patterned advance, although legion surveies have been focused on this issue. So far, no specific prostatic malignant neoplastic disease cistron has been identified, but epidemiological surveies have revealed some cistrons that appear often in familial prostate malignant neoplastic disease, such as ELAC2, cistrons interceding the host r esponse to infections ( e.g. RNASEL and MSR1 ) , or cell rhythm checkpoint cistrons ( e.g. NBS1, CHEK2 ) . However, they seem to be non merely restricted to familial prostate malignant neoplastic disease, but have been reported to be implicated in sporadic prostate malignant neoplastic disease every bit good. Therefore, it is non possible to separate between familial and sporadic disease on the molecular degree, or to delegate high prostate malignant neoplastic disease hazard cistrons . However, most prostate malignant neoplastic diseases are sporadic and expose a battalion of familial alterations, including polymorphisms, bodily mutants and chromosomal abnormalcies. Polymorphisms are non merely associated with an increased susceptibleness to develop prostatic disease, but besides with advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease. The most of import and most frequent polymorphism happening in prostatic malignant neoplastic disease patients affects the androgen receptor polyglutamine repetitions [ ( CAG ) n ] , which have been reported to be significantly shortened specifically in high class and metastatic prostate malignant neoplastic disease, , . In advanced prostate malignant neoplastic disease, besides the cistrons for the vitamin D receptor, p21 and p27 have been reported to be affected by polymorphisms. Mutants have been found in legion familial venue, and characteristic chromosomal changes are associated with each disease phase. They affect cistrons that play of import functions in different signaling tracts, and by and large result either in inactivation of tumour suppresser cistrons or over-activation of transforming genes. 1.6.1 Genes modulating normal prostate development 1.6.1.1 The androgen receptor is required for steroid hormone action The androgen receptor is a member of the superfamily of ligand-activated steroid receptors. Its functional spheres consist of an N-terminal sphere interceding the transcriptional activity, a DNA-binding sphere ( DBD ) , a flexible joint part and a C-terminal ligand-binding sphere ( LBD ) . The N-terminal sphere contains a transcriptional activation part ( AF-1 ) and is responsible for interaction with co-regulators ( co-activators and co-repressors ) . It contains long poly-glutamine and poly-glycine repetitions, which undergo important shortening in aggressive malignant neoplastic diseases 21. The DNA-binding sphere contains a cysteine-rich part with two zinc-fingers, and recognizes androgen-responsive elements ( AREs ) on the foil parts of AR-target cistrons. The hinge part of the AR includes a atomic translocation signal, every bit good as phosphorylation and acetylation sites. And eventually, the C-terminal sphere contains a 2nd transcriptional activation part ( AF-2 ) and is res ponsible for ligand binding. In the absence of endocrine, the AR is chiefly located in the cytol and is inactivated through binding to heat daze proteins ( HSPs ) . Binding of endocrine to the LBD evokes AR conformation alterations, phosphorylation, dimerization, dissociation from HSPs and translocation to the karyon, where it binds to the AREs of AR-regulated cistrons. Additionally, a composite of co-activators and co-repressors, every bit good as chromatin remodeling proteins are required for ordinance of the AR transcriptional activity. 1.6.1.2 Nkx3.1 is the earliest known marker for prostate epithelial tissue Nkx3.1 encodes a extremely prostate-specific homeobox cistron that is critical for all facets of a functional prostate. It is associated with each phase of prostate development, runing from embryologic prostate formation and ripening to adult map and individuality. Nkx3.1 is the earliest known molecular marker of the prostate epithelial tissue and purely governs the most initial stairss of prostate formation. It is hypothesized that Nkx3.1 look provides a pre-determination of the urogenital fistula epithelial tissue into distinguishable prostate and non-prostatic parts during embryogenesis, and steadfastly regulates early postpartum ductal morphogenesis. Furthermore, it is required for secretory protein production and regulates prostate epithelial cell proliferation for care of the differentiated province of the normal prostate. Within the prostate, Nkx3.1 look is restricted to the karyon of luminal epithelial cells, but is absent in radical epithelial cells, which are found between the luminal cells and the cellar membrane. Its look in the prostate epithelial tissue precedes that of the AR, but the subsequent care of Nkx3.1 protein degrees is dependent on AR signaling. It has been shown that Nkx3.1 look is significantly down-regulated after emasculation or androgen-depletion ; nevertheless, the mechanisms for the ordinance of Nkx3.1 look by AR signaling are ill-defined. Like other written text factors, Nkx3.1 binds to downstream mark cistrons through specific consensus sequences in order to modulate their look. However, the exact mechanisms ( adhering as a monomer or as a dimer ) and the individuality of regulated cistrons are mistily known. Potential mark cistrons are smooth musculus a-actin ( SMA ) and prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) . Besides its function in the normal prostate as the drive force for ductal branch and secretory protein production, Nkx3.1 is supposed to hold tumour suppresser maps, although it is non defined as a authoritative tumour suppresser cistron. Alternatively, it appears to instead forestall the induction of prostate malignant neoplastic disease by equilibrating between cell proliferation and cell decease. Nkx3.1 provides a molecular nexus between the mechanisms that control normal prostatic distinction and those that lead to uncontrolled epithelial proliferation during carcinogenesis. 1.6.2 Genes involved in induction and early phases of prostate malignant neoplastic disease 1.6.2.1 Loss of Nkx3.1 map is associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction The human Nkx3.1 cistron maps to the minimum part of chromosome 8p21, a prostate malignant neoplastic disease hot topographic point , which undergoes allelomorphic omission in 60-80 % of prostate tumours, , , . Loss of Nkx3.1 map is associated with prostate malignant neoplastic disease induction and occurs every bit early as in PIN lesions. As Nkx3.1 is indispensable for normal development and map of the prostate, its inactivation consequences in defects in canal formation and secretory protein production. Furthermore, the ordinance of prostatic epithelial cell proliferation is disrupted, taking to the development of prostate intraepithelial neoplasia that increases in badness with progressing age, as has been modeled in transgenic mice by targeted silencing of Nkx3.1, . At nowadays, merely allelomorphic omission of the venue incorporating Nkx3.1 has been found in human prostate tumours, but there is no grounds for the presence of mutants in the coding sequence of the staying Nkx3.1 transcript. Rather, loss of Nkx3.1 map consequences from epigenetic inactivation through loss of protein look during prostatic malignant neoplastic disease development. Despite the fact that loss of Nkx3.1 map is a predisposing factor for developing prostatic malignant neoplastic disease, this event entirely is non sufficient to drive tumorigenesis. It is instead hypothesized that collaborating events such as loss of other tumour suppresser cistrons like PTEN, are necessary to originate malignant neoplastic disease. 1.6.2.2 Overexpression of c-myc contributes to tumorigeneity and androgen-independence C-myc is a critical regulator of development, distinction and cell growing, and its mark cistrons are involved in many cellular maps such as cell rhythm, programmed cell death, protein synthesis, and cell metamorphosis. The c-myc protein contains a possible transactivation sphere within its N-terminus and a helix-loop-helix leucine slide fastener ( HLH/LZ ) sphere with a dimerization site at its C-terminal terminal. C-myc action is regulated through binding of Mad/Max proteins, Amplification of the human chromosome 8q24, which contains the c-myc cistron, is one of the most common familial changes happening in a broad assortment of malignant neoplastic diseases. Increased c-myc protein and activity have been found in a important per centum of prostate tumours ( 11-40 % ) , , in all phases of the disease runing from PIN to more advanced and metastatic malignant neoplastic disease, . Besides elaboration of the c-myc venue, besides chromosomal translocations or point mutants of the c-myc cistron lead to increased activation of c-myc. However, the precise functional function of c-myc in prostate malignant neoplastic disease is non to the full understood. It has been shown that c-myc is able to bring on telomerase activity, which is required for care of telomere length, and therefore contributes to the immortality of tumour cells. This confers a proliferative advantage to malignant cells by leting them to turn under limited growing factor conditions. Furthermore, it has been proposed that the AR regulates c-myc at a posttranscriptional degree, and that c-myc is required for androgen-dependent growing at early malignant neoplastic disease phases. At subsequently phases, c-myc perchance contributes to androgen-independent growing of prostate malignant neoplastic disease cells, which is indicated by the presence of significantly increased c-myc elaboration after anti-androgen intervention and the growing of androgen-dependent LNCaP cells without androgen stimulationz. With enhanced c-myc activity, the cells are able to get the better of the cell rhythm obstruction imposed by the suppression of AR signaling. Several lines of grounds have shown that overexpression of c-myc alone is sufficient to bring on PIN and prostatic malignant neoplastic disease in transgenic mice, . However, the effects of c-myc seem to be contradictory, because on the one manus, it drives cell proliferation and contributes to tumorigenesis, but on the other manus, it has pro-apoptotic activity, peculiarly in limited growing factor conditions. However, other endurance signals and secondary cooperating effects can short-circuit programmed cell death driven by c-myc overexpression. A proposed cooperating molecular event implicated in the patterned advance of c-myc-driven prostate malignant neoplastic disease is loss of Nkx3.1. Both events are proposed to complement each other and appear at different clip points during the passage from PIN to malignant neoplastic disease in a mouse theoretical account 39. This is besi

Human Research Management at Infosys Corporation

Human Research Management at Infosys Corporation Infosys is a global information technology service provider with its headquarters in India. With the rapid rates of its growth and the changing environmental factors, the human resource department faced the challenges of the increased rates of turnover caused by the reduced employees’ satisfaction with their working conditions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Research Management at Infosys Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper will discuss the main precursors of the employees’ dissatisfaction and turnover and the measures which were imposed by the human resource department for the purpose of building the employees’ competencies, retaining the skillful workforce, increasing the levels of their engagement and translating it into the improved performance. Summary of the case Having been ranked as the no. 1 in the Best Employer Surveys in 2001 and 2002, Infosys topple d from these lists and reported a significant decrease in the employee’s satisfaction and commitment in 2003. Recognizing the role of human resources in the company’s organizational success, the top management investigated the main underlying causes of the existing problems and took measures for improving the current state of affairs. Created in 1981 by Narayana Murthy and his six colleagues with borrowed $ 250, after the decades of its hard struggle against the bureaucratic environment and near to death survival, the company was growing at a rapid rate since 1999. The shift from body-shopping to offshoring, moving up the IT value chain, improving the company’s brand equity and ensuring that the company is the employer of choice for the best potential employees, Infosys managed to overcome the difficulties occurring at the initial stage of its development. Ensuring that the salaries of their employees were about 15-20 % higher than offered by the competitors and developing a deep understanding of the workers’ attitudes, the company created favorable working environment. As it was admitted by the company’s HR manager, â€Å"There are three ways in which we add value to the employee: learning value-add through training, emotional value-add through the work environment, and financial value-add through compensation and benefits† (Delong 6). At early 2000s, the skyrocketing number of employees and the external challenges in the form of the US restrictions on the visas for business purposes decreased the employees’ satisfaction and commitment which required the changes in the human resource strategies for handling the issues of the high turnover rates and improving the performance. Value-add through training Realizing the importance of introducing the employees into the Infosys culture, the company developed separate training programs for the college graduates coming to the company as their first working place and the employees coming to Infosys from other companies.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The emphasis upon learnability instead of strong IT backgrounds in the candidates for fulfilling the vacancies allowed Infosys to hire promising specialists and take the advantages of effective hiring processes which was complimented with the following training programs (Birkinshaw 20). Nurturing the talent and competencies was recognized as one of the primary objectives at Infosys in the organizational report of 2008-09 (â€Å"Infosys Sustainability Report 2008-09†). The enrollment of the employees into the training programs aimed at enhancing their professional, leadership and sustainability knowledge has become a common practice at the company. The Special Training Program is a new initiative at Infosys which through the partnership with the Indian universities and balancing their curricula builds the necessary competencies in the students from the socially disadvantaged sectors. This solution can be recognized as an important contribution to the future hiring processes as the company. Value-add through the work environment Along with the training programs aimed at building the competencies in the employees, Infosys takes the initiatives for creating the favorable working environment within the company. The goal of preserving the position of one of the leading employers in the industry was proclaimed as one of the business objectives at Infosys in the organizational report of 2008-09 (â€Å"Infosys Sustainability Report 2008-09†). As it was reported in 2008-09, the programs such as STRAP (Strategic and Action Planning), Voice of Youth (VoY) and Infosys Women Inclusivity (IWIN) are aimed at increasing the employees’ involvement into the decision making processes and creating the favorable working environment and giving serious co nsideration to the diverse needs of the employees’ population. The attempts to support employees with physical disabilities have been made since 2006 when the Equal Opportunities Team was created (â€Å"Infosys Sustainability Report 2008-09†). Moreover, the Family Network Program was launched for the purpose of supporting the employees in balancing their work-personal life issues. Another important objective was facilitating the employee-employer dialogue which was achieved through conducting meetings and surveys focused on the employees’ inclusivity and satisfaction. Sparsh as the company’s intranet allowed fostering the feeling of community and inclusivity among the workforce, whereas Infy TV as the first corporate TV channel in India allowed creating a strong communication platform.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Research Management at Infosys Corporation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The strategies aimed at improving the working environment were helpful for improving the employees’ satisfaction with their working conditions. Still, the rates of turnover at Infosys remained enormously high and reached 14, 568 employees leaving the company during the year 2009 (with the 104,850 as the total number of employees in 2009) (Dey 45). Value-add through compensation Turning the employees’ competencies and engagement into high performance is an important element of the human resource strategy at Infosys. Infosys was one of the first Indian companies to offer the stock options to its employees in 1994 for the purpose of retaining the brightest workforce and reducing the risks of losing them to the US competitors. However, with the skyrocketing number of employees in early 2000s, Infosys replaced its stock options with the higher levels of incentive pay (Birkinshaw 19). Currently, employees can associate their pay with their individual and c orporate performance. Another significant improvement was the change of the promotion model. The promotion policy linked to the specific needs of the organization was one of the major causes of the employees’ dissatisfaction (Delong 9). Developing clear role definitions and the performance assessment scales was a significant step forward in solving this problem. Additional factor aimed at stimulating the employees’ improved performance is the highly competitive working place. Thus, after the performance assessments are completed, every individual is informed on his/her place within the peer group. Combining the collaborative approach with competitive environment within Infosys is expected to foster the workers’ motivation and improving their performance. Conclusion Recognizing the importance of retaining the skillful workforce and adopting the effective hiring strategies for the company’s business performance, Infosys has been making attempts to improve t he working environment, training and compensation patterns for increasing the employees’ satisfaction since the early 2000s. Though the turnover rates within the company still remained rather high as it was reported in 2009, the measures taken for improving the environment, facilitating the employee-employer dialogue and improving the workers’ motivation and engagement were important for improving the existing situation.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Birkinshaw, Julian. â€Å"Infosys: Computing the Power of People†. Business Strategy Review, Winter 2008, 19(4): 18-23. Print. Delong, Thomas. â€Å"Infosys (A): Strategic Human Resource Management†. Harvard Business School, 16 Oct. 2006, Print. Dey, Subhendu. â€Å"Employee Retention- A Key to Organizational Growth†. Globsyn Business School, January-June 2009, 3(1): 45- 49. Print. â€Å"Infosys Sustainability Report 2008-09†. Infosys Corporate Site, 31 March 2009. Web.

Hospital Birth vs. Home Birth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hospital Birth vs. Home Birth - Essay Example Discussion NCT (2008) states that, â€Å"In the 1950’s the majority of pregnant women in United Kingdom delivered their babies at home† (p.2). The ratio of midwives and women who were knowledgeable in midwifery to the general population was higher compared to the past decade. Most middle aged women had experience in midwifery having assisted in child delivery of a family member of a friend. At the time, home birth was considered reasonably safe and without concerns of overcrowding and fatigue. NCT (2008) continues to state that, â€Å"Trends gradually changed in the 1970’s towards the 80’s as hospital births increased in frequency and numbers. By the 1990’s home births had reduced significantly to about 1% (p.2).† In recent times this percentage has increased to 2.68% as popularity and campaigns for home births have increased. ACOG (2011) notes that â€Å"Most governments require that recommendations be made to pregnant women to have a choic e of their desired place of birthing.† A medical professional can evaluate and examine a pregnant woman and suggest a place of birth for the woman explaining his or her recommendation based on medical grounds to her. The key factors to be considered when choosing between home birth and hospital birth are the safety of the procedure, the sense of security of the mother and the level or sense of control. According to ACOG (2011), â€Å"Women who inquire on planned home births at medical facilities should be adequately informed of its benefits and possible risks.† This information should be based on current and documented evidence. The advising party should clearly note to the mother that although the possible risks associated with home birth may be minimal, home birth is closely associated with increased risk of neo natal death. The risk of neo natal death is two to three fold that of hospital birth. To achieve a successful and reduced-risk planned home birth, the woman r equires selecting suitable candidates for the home birth. â€Å"A nurse certified in midwifery, physician or midwife who is qualified and aptly practices within regulations set by the local medical body should be available† (ACOG, 2011). The intended candidate should also be available for consultations. Safe, easy and timely access to a hospital or medical facility should be possible at the slightest chance of complications occurring. An easy access to hospital should provide contingency in case complications develops and the mother and or infant require emergency medical attention. ACOG (2011) states, â€Å"At present, the United States records an approximate figure of 25,000 home births annually.† From this figure, a quarter of the births is not attended to and is unplanned due to the spontaneity or unexpected labor. On average, the fraction of women who initially plan and intend to deliver at a hospital, those women who fail to make provisions for the attendance of a certified medical professional in midwifery, and unplanned homebirths record high rates and instances of neo natal and pre natal deaths. Women should plan for any eventuality and sudden changes in original or intended plans. The lack of transport to the designated/ planned hospital may warrant a home birth. In case no provisions were made to equip the home or vicinity/ surrounding with equipment and tools of delivery, the woman runs the risk of infection to

Lung Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lung Cancer - Essay Example Lung cancer originates in the lungs. Cancer is a disease that is usually associated with the wild growth of abnormal cells. In lung cancer, abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way in both or one of the lungs. Due to the fact that the cells are abnormal, they do not develop into healthy tissues and do not play any roles similar to those of normal lung cells. As abnormal cells continue to grow, they develop into a large mass known as a tumor. In a case where the tumor is located in the lungs, it can interfere with the lungs normal functions. DNA, which is a genetic component found in cells is contained in all body cells. Duplication of DNA occurs every time a mature cell divides to form new cells. For this reason, the new cells also contain DNA. Cells that are formed from the division of a mature cell are identical to the original cell in all ways. In the case where the cells are abnormal, this is usually related to a DNA error or mutation. This is usually the case in cancer. A lung cancer cell is a result of a series of mutations. Cells undergoing mutation can still function as normal cells; during this stage, the cells are said to be precancerous. With time, the cells become cancerous and it is during this time that they stop functioning as normal cells of the lungs. Lung cancer may be primary or secondary. This is usually determined by the point of origin of the growth of abnormal cells. This is because in some cases, cells travel from the original tumor to other parts of the body and continue growing there.

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Essay 1. Determine at least three different internal and external stakeholders that Dr. DoRight might have to deal with on a daily basis at the hospital. Stakeholders are individuals who are involved in, have a vested interest in, or a â€Å"stake† in the success of an organization (Merriam-Webster, 2011), such as a hospital. Dr. DoRight is an influential decision maker as the President of the Universal Human Care Hospital and it is important for him to consider how his decisions and actions affect the stakeholders of the hospital. In the course of his daily activities Dr. Do Right will interact and impact many of the hospital’s internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are be committed to an organization’s success. Often internal stakeholders will participate in the strategic development of coordinating resources to fund and sustain an operation. Examples of internal stakeholders which Dr. DoRight might engage daily would be: Director of Public Health, Head of Health Intelligence and Information, Director of Nursing, Public Health Strategists, Vice President of Human Relations or Members of the Board of Trustees (Markwell, 2010). External stakeholders are not directly connected to the organization; however, they are vested in the hospital’s success as clients, business or community partners. These stakeholders have influence over organizational activities by contributing their views and experiences related to issues which are important to them. Medical providers or suppliers, Patient Advocacy Groups, Quality Assessors, the Media, and Heads of Local Community and Special Interest Groups are examples of external stakeholders Dr. DoRight may deal with on a daily basis (Markwell, 2010). 2. Compare and contrast potential conflicts of interest that may exist between the internal and external stakeholders. Conflicts of interest exist between the hospital’s internal and external stakeholders. Medical providers such as, staffed research doctors or pharmaceutical manufactures want to provide the ‘best’ wellness plan by providing cutting-edge tests, treatments and medications which are likely to be more expensive to the payer or patients. Payers, such as insurance providers and private paying patients, would prefer a more cost effective approach to wellness with accurate diagnosis and treatments with fewer visits and tests (Wiseman, 2005). Although internal and external stakeholders may have different priorities, they will share common objectives. All stakeholders will share common ambitions for Universal Human Care Hospital to provide quality medical services to its patients. Additionally, all stakeholders will appreciate the hospitals efforts to improve the quality of life for the community it directly serves. (Markwell, 2010). 3. Discuss whether Dr. DoRight has fulfilled his ethical duty by reporting the illegal procedures. Dr. DoRight has reported the illegal procedures and patents dying due to negligent supervision and oversight to his Regional Director, Compliance Manager, as well as an Executive Committee in January 2009, but he has not fulfilled his ethical duty. As a doctor it is his responsibility to protect all patients from criminal acts including the illegal procedures and negligent supervision which has been reported at Universal Human Care Hospital. As there has been no result from the investigation after two years he has a responsibility to take further action to preserve the lives of patients. His ethical duty should include reporting the illegal procedures, as well as, the negligent supervision and oversight to higher ranking internal authorities. If the appropriate investigation and corrective actions do not occur he has a further ethical obligation to report the incidents to external authorities. As a doctor he is legally bound to take reasonable action. The law recognizes several exceptions the â€Å"no duty to rescue† rule and several apply to Dr. Do Right’s ethical dilemma (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Continued deaths due to negligence and illegal procedures should be reported beyond the Regional Director, Compliance Manager and the Executive Committee as the failure to do so may result in his dismissal or even criminal prosecution. As a doctor he assumes contractual responsibilities to medically help others, and prevent them from being harmed. Patients in the hospital in which he is President may be lulled into a false sense of security, believing they will be helped, only to be neglected when lifesaving assistance is needed. Doctors and nurses employed in the medial facility which he oversees are endangering their patients and he is currently participating in creating a dangerous situation for several patients. Finally, there is a â€Å"special relationship† between Dr. DoRight’s medical facility and their patients. This relationship has a degree of dependency from the patient to the hospital and those whom govern the medical facility. As the President of Universal Human Care Hospital he is required to reasonably protect all patients from harm including the protection from the illegal procedures performed by the medical staff, and neglect or oversight of the supervising staff (Halbert Ingulli, 2 012). 4. Describe the deontology principle and apply it to the ethical dilemma that Dr. DoRight faces in this case. The deontology principle â€Å"is marked by steadfastness to universal principles †¦[of] respect for life, fairness, telling the truth, keeping promises – no matter what the consequences† (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Immanuel Kant, the most famous deontological thinker, believed humans could rationally develop an absolute set of rules to govern behavior, and these rules should be applied in all situations without consideration of the consequences. For example, Immanuel Kant believed there is a never good time to lie, even if it could produce a favorable outcome, such as lying saving someone’s life (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Under the deontology principle, moral and ethical behavior â€Å"is a matter of holding, without exception, to certain principles† or categorical imperatives (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). The first of these principles is that people should act under the assumption that the same action they chose should be repeated if roles were reversed and they ended up on the receiving end of those actions. In Dr. DoRight’s ethical dilemma a deontological approach would require him to make his decisions in the frame of reference of being a patient whose death resulted from the hospital’s negligence or oversight. If Dr. DoRight made decisions in this frame of reference it is doubtful two years would pass without any definitive findings from the internal investigation into patient deaths (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Another categorical imperative of the deontology principle is that it is unethical for people to use others for their own gain. A mutually beneficial relationship should exist where all stakeholders gain something they want. In Dr. DoRight’s ethical dilemma, the relationship could be mutually beneficial if the patient receives suitable medial services and attention in exchange for monetary compensation. Dr. DoRight’s decisions can be considered unethical as the relationship is not mutually beneficial. Patients within his hospital to continue to die as a result of a variety of illegal procedures, while Dr. DoRight continues to win awards for his leadership and meeting his business goals (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Patients have a right to make a fully informed decision when selecting their medical providers. Making fully informed decision for oneself is â€Å"of great ethical value in deontology† (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). In the last two years, Dr. DoRight has told his Regional Director, Compliance Manager and the Executive Committee about the patient deaths due; however, disclosures are not provided to patients. With the insight of increased mortality rates due to the illegal procedures coupled with negligence and oversight it less likely patients will chose his medical facility for their health care needs. It is unethical according to the deontology principles to keep this information from patients. An infringement is being placed on some of the patients most basic rights; the right to life and health. Within the deontology principle this is never acceptable. Dr. DoRight falls short of several deontological principles, and is unethically infringing on the rights of his patients who are dying as a result of his decisions (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). 5. Describe the utilitarianism principle and apply it to the ethical dilemma that Dr. DoRight faces in this case The utilitarianism principle guides individuals, like Dr, DoRight, to ethically â€Å"behave in a given situation †¦ to choose an alternative that is likely to produce the greatest overall outcome.† This principle evaluates the advantages and costs of an individual’s actions not only for the decision maker, but for all stakeholders who will be impacted by the decision. Within the utilitarianism principle the long and short term consequences to the stakeholders are analyzed when evaluating a dilemma, while weighing the size of the group and the effects of the decision upon the stakeholders (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). In Dr. DoRight’s dilemma some consequences may be shared by numerous stakeholders, both internal and external. For example, the media could tarnish the reputation of the hospital and several of its staff by publicizing the deaths as prev entable. This consequence could result in an increase of livelihood for external stakeholders such as the media, medical malpractice attorneys, or the extended family member of deceased patients. At the same time, it could result in the loss of livelihood amongst internal stakeholders such as; doctors, nurses and other members of as the hospital’s 5,000 employed staff (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Smaller external stakeholders carry the burden of the greatest negative consequences. Most costly would be the loss of life to patients who died as a result of illegal procedures and negligent supervision. Although this group of stakeholders may be small in comparison to the 20,000 patients treated at the hospital, â€Å"losses of life and health weigh heavily on the scale† when assessing the consequences of a decision within the utilitarianism principle (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). The causes of deaths have not been revealed after two years of internal investigation. If an outside organization investigated the details of the illegal practices and neglect it could negatively impact some internal stakeholders. An external investigation could have a negative impact on hospital finances, the Executive committee, and the livelihood of the Regional Director, Compliance Manager or their direct staff. On the other hand, patients, doctors and other stakeholders could benefit from this same decision in the form of additional staffing, proper training and technology to provide accurate diagnosis. Ultimately, the short-term costs a few internal stakeholders of the hospital would be outweighed by the long-term benefits to several stakeholders if Dr. DoRight made this decision (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). References Halbert, T. Ingulli, E. (2012). Law, Ethics, Business. In Law Ethics in the Business Environment (7th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Markwell, S. (2010). Health knowledge. Retrieved from http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5b-understanding-ofs/managing-internal-external-stakeholders Merriam-Webster. (2011). Stakeholder. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stakeholder Wiseman, B. (2005). Who are the stakeholders in healthcare?. Retrieved from http://patientsafetyed.duhs.duke.edu/module_a/introduction/stakeholders.html