Belonging to Place Essay Example for Free

Belonging to Place EssayHave you ever been in a room packed full of people, yet no matter whos around, you cant shake a feeling of un-ease, or a sniff out of not belong? This has probably happened to each of us atleast once before. Belonging is usually defined as just generally being accepted, we assume its a reference to somebody being treated several(predicate)ly to others, whether its for better or worse. But sometimes, it has more to do with the blank we are in, rather than the people who are around. To prove this, grim be discussing Shakespeares As You Like It, a romantic comedy set in a ficticious world, where the illustrious Court is supposedly the place to be for enlightened citizens, and the Forest of Arden, a place of exile, is thought to be harbour to many theives and those dis machineded from society. The dramatist uses techniques such as imagery, metaphors and dramatic irony to highlight get word aspects of belonging and not belonging. In contrast to this text, Ill also examine My Sisters Keeper written by Jodi Picoult, where the sense of place is not physical, but familial.Picoult uses alike techniques to Shakespeares in As you like it, with imagery and irony apply as common themes through-out the text. As You Like It revolves around Rosalind whos uncle, Duke Frederick banishes several characters from city life in the French Court. But when Rosalind herself is exiled, her cousin Celia declares that she will join Rosalind, and that they must go to the Forest to seek the rightful Duke, Rosalind cries Alas, what danger will it be to us, maids as we are, to motive power forth so farBeauty provoketh thieves sooner than gold This is where Shakespeare introduces the reputation of the forest, known as a dark and scary place of banishment and explains Rosalinds sense of obligation to dress as a man and call herself Ganymede, as she feels she must protect herself and her cousin. Throughout the text Shakespeare uses symbolism in many different wa ys. He commonly uses metaphors or similies not only to describe things, but sometimes to pass water them a double meaning.An example of this being Rosalinds choice of choice identities, when she picks the name Ganymede, who in Roman myhtology is a cupbearer and a symbol of homosexual love, this adds to the continuum of sexual possibilites. When Orlandos selfish brother Oliver first causes him to join those exiled into the Forest of Arden he fears for himself, and his servant Adam, yet his opinions of the forest change when he meets Duke Senior and his comrades. Hath not old custom made this life more sweet than that of painted pomp? ar not these woods more free from peril than the envious court? The Duke asks him.Eventually others come to realise that their impression of the forest was also wrong, and that it has the potential to give them true happiness. As opposed to finding a physical place, Jodi Picoult demonstrates a different kind of belonging. Sara and Brian Fitzgerald de dicate their every moment to their middle daughter Kate, who is piteous from leukemia, sledding their other two childern, Anna and Jesse, feeling like they have no place in the family. This affects Anna in particular, as she was concieved in a lab to be used as spare parts for Kate, and made to donate things like stem cells and bone marrow.She is pushed too far when she is told she has to donate a kidney to her sister, and seeks medical emancipation, leaving her feeling even more out of place in the household. The eldest child Jesse however, rebels his own way by committing arson and petty crimes. Throughout the mass Picoult uses this allusion to fire for many things Kates uncontroll up to(p) illness, which seems to destroy everything within its path, or Anna initiating the law suit, like shes starting a blaze that she might not be able to contain.It is again used as a comparison to Kates disease, by her father Brian, who is a firefighter, when he suggests that some fires need to be left alone until they flame out. Though both texts have clear links to family, another aspect they share is great irony. In As You Like It, dramatic irony is used quite often because we, as the audience, always know something that the characters dont. When Rosalind, acting as Ganymede, ends up weaving a very tangled web for herself, she is the character who comes to encourage everyone achieve their happy ending, and find their rightful place.Shakespeares use of this technique brings great entertainment, and adds to the comedy. However, in My Sisters Keeper the irony is not so comedic. Jesse announces in court that Kate had force Anna to stop donating organs as she was ready to let her luekemia take her life. Leaving the courthouse, after winning her case, Anna and her lawyer are caught in a terrible car accident, resulting in her giving her kidney to Kate before she passes, this helps Kate to fight off her cancer.Through this Picoults use of irony, much different to Shakespea res, allows Anna, who never knew her part, to help her sister find her own place in the world. In conclusion, the very different texts both highlight aspects of belonging, or not belonging, to a certain place. Whether its physical place or a region that you need to find. The Authors use of techniques such as imagery and irony, and as focus on relationships involving both love and hate, helps to convey what belonging truly means to them.

The Glands Menagerie Essay Example for Free

The Glands Menagerie EssayA tramcar Named Desire was written by Tennessee Williams in 1947, eliciting the most vital commentary of any of his works, as well as being highly divisive upon its release, one reviewer defined it as the product of an almost desperately morbid turn of mind1 George Jean Nathan criticised the unpleasant2 nature of the play, calling it The Glands Menagerie3.Williams focus on realism, and the subsequent omission of clear-cut protagonists and antagonists in Streetcar, also drew glowing reviews, from the pre-eminent theater of operations critic Brook Atkinson, for example, who called Williams a genuinely poetic playwright whose knowledge of people is honest and thorough4. This difference in opinion does non stop at subjective criticism of the play, but even the specific genre which Streetcar falls into.Many assume it to be a tragedy of some type, and in that respect is indeed much to commend this view. However, the ambiguous nature of many aspects of t he play and Williams inclusion of alternate gamblingtic devices has led many to believe that Streetcar should not be assortified as a tragedy, but as a melodrama. In any tragedy, the tragic protagonist is of vital importance everything is centred on the protagonist, their daub and subsequent downfall.However, in Streetcar, thither is large uncertainty as to who this tragic protagonist actually is. This equivocacy may be observed in the difference in artistic opinion between the plays original civilizeor, Elia Kazan, and the plays second director, Har centenarian Clurman. Elia Kazan was a close friend of Tennessee Williams, who told him to ensure that Blanche (had) the understanding and compassion of the audience without creating a black-dyed villain in Stanley5.Indeed, from his directors private notebook, published in 1976, it is clear that Kazans sympathies lie with Stanley, who he sees as defending his household against the corrupting influence of Blanche for instance, Stanley s seemingly perfect(a) violation of Blanches belongings in an attempt to find legal papers and his later physical violation of her person would mother been justified in Kazans eyes, as the social incorrectness of Blanches intrusion into his domestic kingdom and subsequent undermining of his authority and values (Well if youll forgive me hes commonHe acts like an animal Stanley Kowalski survivor of the stone Age , Dont hang back with the brutes ) outweighs the respective incorrectness of his retaliatory actions (Come to think of it maybe you wouldnt be bad to interfere with ). As such, Kazans direction dictated that Stanley be the victim of Blanches actions. It was even reported that some members of the audience cheered the rape of Blanche in Kazans production, with critic Signi Falk noting the waves of titillated laughter (which) swept over the audience 6.In direct opposition to Kazan, Clurman reallocated the role of victim to Blanche, positing that Streetcar portrays the c rushing of sensitivity (Blanche) by brute force (Stanley), therefore portraying the rape as such instead. These mutually exclusive interpretations illustrate the crucial problem in labelling Streetcar as a tragedy, at least in a strictly peripatetic sense there is no singular, defined hero or heroine, both can be interchangeably depicted as victim or antagonist.There is even preaching as to whether Stanley and Blanche represent either. Williams himself seems to support this I dont want to focus guilt or blame on any one character but to have it a tragedy of misunderstanding and insensitivity to others 7. This has only confirmed the ambiguous nature of the play, fuelling and perpetuating the uncertainty surrounding it and taking it even further away from the Aristotelian tragic ideal.Additionally, Aristotle dictated that tragedy should chart the demise of a great person, as he argued that their cataclysmic downfall due to hamartia would evoke higher(prenominal) pathos in the audienc e Williams focuses instead upon the demise of people in the dregs of society, ensuring that there is no way that Streetcar could possibly be considered to be a strictly classical tragedy. However, it is still possible to identify aspects of classical tragedy in Streetcar, which further heightens the vagueness surrounding the genre which Streetcar finds itself in.There is, for example, read of anagnorisis leading to peripateia, a tragic device which Aristotle considered to be the mark of a superior tragedy In Scene Three, after Stanley beats Stella and realises the error of his ways, he breaks into sobs and telephones Eunice, who has taken Stella in, in an attempt to talk to (his) baby, to no avail. This is arguably Stanleys lowest point, as Stanley has alienated Stella, leading to one of the iconic moments in American drama Stanleys heaven-splitting cry of STELLL-AHHHHH an outburst of animal desperation.This moment, then (if Streetcar is considered to be a battle between Blanche and Stanley for Stellas affections), is a victory for Blanche. However, in Scene Ten, the roles are change Blanches telephone call for help is unsuccessful, and she is arguably at her lowest point of the play here, as Stanley shatters all her illusions and pretensions (Not once did you pull any wool over this boys eyes ), uncovering her multitude of lies, which makes Blanche face the reality of the threat Stanley poses to her (i. e. anagnorisis).So, while it is plain that Streetcar is by no means a classical tragedy, it does accept facets of tragedy as defined by Aristotles Poetics. There is perhaps a more credible case for Streetcar being a tragedy in a slightly broader sense that is to say, encompassing the characteristics of modern domestic tragedy. Arthur Miller summed up the essence of domestic tragedy in his work Tragedy and the park Man It is time, I think, that we who are without kings, took up this bright thread of our history (tragedy) and followed it to the only place it can possibly lead in our time the kindling and spirit of the average man 8.The conclusion of Brook Atkinsons review of the opening night reflected this sentiment Out of poetic imagination and ordinary compassion (Williams) has spun a poignant and luminous story9. Miller argued against the Aristotelian ideals concerning tragedy where Aristotle believed tragic heroes had to be of high social standing (for reasons above stated), Miller proposed that tragic heroes could be create out of the working classes.Domestic tragedies of this nature became popular in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of writers such as Miller, portraying the breakdown of a social construct, emphasising the distortion and destruction of domestic order. Streetcar could, then, be construed as a domestic tragedy, as it portrays the demise of the social system from the old agrarian South (as represented by Blanche) and the rise of the post-war urban industrial society (as represented by Stanley).Furthermor e, Streetcar concerns the fates of Blanche and Stanley in the main, Stanley being irrefutably lower class although Blanche is not as straightforward to categorise according to class, at the beginning of the play, Blanches demise has already occurred she has already fallen from her previously high status, having lost her terra firma and fortune. Therefore, although Streetcar charts her descent into insanity, it does not show her fall from a high position in society, again rejecting the Aristotelian norm.It therefore seems as though Streetcar could easily be defined as a domestic tragedy, a judgement Dan Isaac agrees with Streetcar is a modern tragedy, and Blanche DuBois tragic flaw is hubris pride of reasonableness and pride of sexual prowess10 If one tragic hero can be singled out, then it is possible to find their personal hamartia, and Streetcar becomes a domestic tragedy with aspects of classical tragedy. However, one prominent feature of Streetcar has yet to be introduced int o the debate, and that is the huge emphasis on melodrama and expressionism.

Europe One Of The Seven Continents History Essay

atomic number 63 One Of The Seven Continents History EssayEurope conventionally one of the seven continents of the world. Although referred to as a continent, Europe is actually just the western fifth of the Eurasian landmass, which is do up primarily of Asia. Modern geographers generally describe the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, embark on of the Caspian Sea, and the Caucasus Mountains as forming the main(prenominal) saltation between Europe and Asia. The name Europe is possibly derived from that of Europa, the daughter of Phoenix in Grecian mythology, or possibly from Ereb, a Phoenician word for sunset.The s smallest continent (Australia is the smallest), Europe has an ara of 10,355,000 sq km (3,998,000 sq mi), but it has the third largest tribe of all the continents, 730 million in 2008. The northern about point of the European mainland is Cape Nordkinn, in Norway the confederationernmost, Punta de Tarifa, in southern Spain near Gibraltar. From west to atomic number 9 9 the mainland ranges from Cabo da Roca, in Portugal, to the north-eastern slopes of the Urals, in Russia. Europe has long been a centre of great cultural and stinting achievement. The ancient Greeks and Romans produced major civilizations, storied for their contributions to philosophy, literature, fine device, and government.www.hezel.com/globalreport/IntrotoEurope.pdfRomans had many minor influences on their intellectual nourishment as food came in from various parts of the ex tear apartding empire and perhaps two major influences. Their own Roman agricultural roots, which continued to be shown as a noble ideal byout the history of the Empire, and the Greek influence. The wealthier Romans had Greek slaves, who would cook for them. R.W. Davies in The Roman Military Diet, in 1971 writes that there is archaeological evidence that Roman soldiers in the Union provinces would eat more shopping center than batch back in Italy, and even acquired a taste for beer. And certainly a s more Germans became Roman soldiers, they would nonplus brought their takeences into the army and back to Rome. www.hezel.com/globalreport/IntrotoEurope.pdfMuch of Roman food was establish on combining sweet, sour and savoury tastes all in one dish, just as Chinese food still does today. The taste for seasoning dishes in this way not only survived the fall of Rome, it remained the practice through the Dark Ages, the pith Ages and right up until it was finally overthrown by the revolution in French cooking that was to occur in the 1600s.The Natural regionsThe geological underpinning of Europe includes, from north to south, an ancient mass of stable, crystalline rocks a broad belt of comparatively level sedimentary materials a zone of change integrityed geological structures created by folding, faulting, and volcanism and a region of comparatively recent mountain-building activity. This geological pattern has helped create the legion(predicate) natural regions that make up the landscape of Europe. One of the major criteria accessing the type of food people eat is geographical location and the climate i.e. People victuals in coastal beas eat more of sea food and people living in plains prefer food as per the availability in the region.http//books.google.co.uk/books climeAlthough much of Europe lies in the northern latitudes, the relatively warm seas that border the continent give most of central and western Europe a abate climate, with cool winters and mild summers. The prevailing westerly winds, warmed in part by passing over the North Atlantic Drift ocean current, roleplay precipitation throughout most of the year. In the Mediterranean climate area-Spain, Italy, and Greece-the summer months are usually hot and dry, with almost all rainfall occurring in winter. From roughly central Poland eastward, the moderating effects of the seas are reduced, and consequently cooler, drier embodiments prevail. The northern parts of the continent also assimilate this type of climate. Most of Europe receives ergocalciferol to 1,500 mm (20 to 60 in) of precipitation per year. Climate is one of the most all important(p) factors determining the consumption of food i.e. People living in cold places prefer hot foods and vice versa.www.climnet.orgPeopleAlthough it is not precisely k promptlyn when humans first lived in Europe, they probably migrated there from the east in several waves, in general via a no longer extant land bridge from Asia Minor into the Balkans and by way of grasslands north of the Black Sea. Parts of Europe had a unassailable human population by about 4000 bc. Geographical barriers such(prenominal) as forests, mountains, and swamps helped divide the peoples into bases that remained largely separate for long periods. Some intermixing of peoples occurred as a final result of migrations, however. europeanhistory.about.comLanguagesEuropeans speak a wide variety of languages. The principal linguistic groups are the Slavic, whi ch includes Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Czech, Slovak, Bulgarian, Polish, Slovenian, Macedonian, and Serbo-Croatian the Germanic, which includes English, German, Dutch, Danish, Norwegian, Swedish, and Icelandic and the Romance, which includes Italian, French, S scrapish, Portuguese, and Romanian. These languages have basically the same origins and are grouped as Indo-Germanic languages. Other Indo-European languages include Greek, Albanian, and Celtic languages such as Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton. In addition to the Indo-European language speakers, the continent has groups of people who speak Finno-Ugric languages, such as Finnish, Hungarian, and Saami, as well as speakers of the Basque and Turkish languages. Many Europeans use English or French as a second language. europa.eu/languages/en/home devotionIn the early 2000s the great majority of Europeans were Christians. The largest single religious group, Roman Catholics, lived mainly in France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Ireland, Be lgium, southern Germany, and Poland. An separate large group was composed of chase of Protestant faiths, concentrated in countries of northern and central Europe such as England, Scotland, northern Germany, The Netherlands, and the Scandinavian nations. A third major Christian group was composed of members of an Orthodox church. They lived principally in Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. In addition, there were Jewish communities in most European countries (the largest of them in Russia), and the inhabitants of Albania and Turkey were predominantly Muslim.www.geographia.comThe British IslesBritish CuisineOver decades British culinary art have seen lots of changes because of trade, war, empire, immigration and inheritance of varied cultures.(http//www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/europe/England/)Backg ropeUnited Kingdom is located in Western Europe, islands including the northern one-sixth of the island of Ireland between the North Atlantic Ocea n and the North Sea, northwest of France and North and west at this, the land tends to be high and the climate colder and wetter. To the south and east hills are generally low and summers warmer and drier. The British cuisine is influenced by the British climate.Climate plays important role in formation of cuisine. Britain has a cold and beautiful climate which is suitable for growing apples and other increase ve deriveables so there are more white vegetables. Ireland is frequent for potatoes and because of cold climate lot of people are prefer to eat means and beef so this strongly affects cuisine of great Britain . Britain food traditionally been based on fresh vegetables and magnetic core with some sauces as well as beef lamb chicken and pork also famous in the United Kingdom. We can see British cuisine has been multicultural. In ancient sentences influenced by the Romans and in medieval times the French. When the Frankish Normans invaded, they brought with them the spices of the east cinnamon, saffron, mace, nutmeg, pepper, and ginger. slit came to England at that time, and was considered a spice rare and expensive. Before the arrival of cane sugars, honey and fruit juices were the only sweeteners.Because the agriculture practices of the Roman and Norman periods of England greatly influenced the recipes and culinary atmosphere in early kitchens long after those areas were through. Stewing and stuffing various farm and game meats originated from those periods, as well as abuseing and spicing. Wales was famous for raising sheep, so lamb with mint sauce was a staple Welsh dish. In England, dishes such as steak and kidney pie, bangers and scraunch and Yorkshire pud have imbed themselves in the food history of the country. Some of these traditions carried over to continental Europe and beyond, especially during the height of trading and colonization in the 17th and 18th centuries.British Empire got a lot of benefits from different countries cousins such as from East Asia adopted tea and that was exported to India. Then Indian curry style also adopted in Britain and some famous sauces such as ketchup , mint sauce , Worcestershire sauce and Controversy has raged throughout the whole of Britain though after originator foreign secretary Robin Cooke hailed Chicken Tikka masala as Britains true depicted object dish.(http//britishfood.about.com/od/introtobritishfood/f/questions.htm).During two world war Britain faces lot of problem to please penny-pinchings from one country to another so that also effected to British as well as worldwide cuisine because many of goods and commodities become short. Because of that think Britain cuisine got lot of changes such as they only based on the regional food and meat which they apply to produce.UK divided in to 4 main partsEnglandScotlandWalesNorth IrelandThe FoodWe may have a several ideas about proper British Food.But the most popular dish in England at the moment is Curry?The nationa l dish of England is not a chicken Tikka masala it is a well known fact. Honestly, unless you are from England yourself, you sincerely wont get it properly. Its just a good example of how England takes on other cultural elements and makes them part of their own heritage. Or something less cheesy to that effect. The other thing is that those who have worked in the curry houses beforehand, have got better jobs, or gone to university.Englands immigration policy has become very aggressive recently, and while I think such a policy should be based on food, if it has such a significant effect on the restaurant and hospitality industry,www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/British food has traditionally been based on beef, lamb pork, chicken and weight in other words we can say is based on meat and meat products.The most common typical foods eaten in Britain include Sandwich, Fish Chips, and Pies curries.www.greatbritishkitchen.co.uk/EnglandBritish cuisine is based with their geographical back ground and their temperature. Originally England has natural traditional cooking ingredients i.e. meat fresh herbs and green leafy vegetables with honest olfactory sensation because of that they got strong flavour traditional dishes such as roast beef , pork chop, mash potatoes , steamed vegetables and sauces. Being an island, Britain has always a fresh supply of sea food from sea, salmon, Dover sole, mackerel. As well as after some time, it includes different European and Asian cuisines interaction thats digressed from British Empire during time of post war.Some of the best pudding comes from England such as sticky pudding. As well as some dark pudding also popular in England. Looks like a black sausage. It is do from dried pigs blood and fat. Eaten at breakfast timeTraditionally England has been known as a country of beefeaters and beef because the United Kingdom is largest beef manufacturing business in the Europe and third largest beef producer in the world. British beef is finest in the world it is based on the breeds, the grass, and climate and farming skills. Kent is a garden of cattles.Yorkshire pudding is most popular in England. Its make with the mixture of flour, egg and milk. Yorkshire pudding always goes with beef because it absorbs all the juice from meat and taste great with beef.England is famous for onion gravy and mash this mostly serves as accom paniment of beef, meat and chicken and some vegetable dish. In England many restaurant serve typical breakfast and that is really well-preserved because its includes bacon, pork sausages, fried scrambled egg fried smelt smoked haddock, tomato, fried green tomatoes, radiator grilleed whole mushroom baked beans, oven roasted potatoes fresh fruits and juices.A sandwich has always been a very popular snack, but the first to eat one was the earl of sandwich 1718 1792. He was a dedicated gambler and refused to leave the gambling tables to eat. During the marathon gambling sessions he asked a wai ter to bring him a piece of ham between two pieces of bread, and so invented the sandwich. Thats got really famous in England and sandwich also got included into the high tea. High tea is a basically meal and tea which is served between four and pentad o clock in afternoon. Afternoon tea includes cake, pastries, sandwich, clotted cream and tea.England is traditionally famous for its traditional classic dessert such as from pies to fruit crumbles and summer puddings made with berries as well as cakes flavoured with spices and dried fruits, filled with jam. Plum pudding with brandy sauce is considered English traditions.International cuisine.www.wiley.comScotlandScottish food is simple, with a heavy emphasis on meat. Roast lamb, roast beef steaks. From the past few centuries Scottish cuisine centered on making use of either scrap of food available. This attitude is seen in the Scottish national dish called haggis. It is made up of chop heart, liver, and lungs of sheep put these in gredients in a bag made up of sheep stomach. Scotland is famous for their oatcakes which made with pinhead oat and its really healthy and nutritiousOne of the famous stocks served in the Scotland which is made with mutton, beef, chicken and some diced vegetables is known as Scotch broth. It should be thick and served piping hot. Scotland is famous for sea food for example Oysters, Mussels, Prawns, Scallops, Crabs and Lobster. Because Scotland is surrounded with water and have good climatic condition to produce a good quality sea food.Example of Scottish sea food dishes Glasgow Oyster ShotOysters, with horseradish dressing, lemon, Tabasco and a pearlescent of Vodka.Seared Tuna SteakCous and red onion, sesame seed soya dressingPan Fried BreamWith beetroot rosti and beurre blancBaked HalibutBlack pudding crustScotland is known specially for its shortbread which is made with traditional way and black bun it is rich fruit cake made with raisins almonds brown sugar, cinnamon and ginger. Scottish game food is also famous.Such as grouse, Wild Scottish Pheasant, Wild Scottish Pheasant is very lean, with a rich game flavour found only in truly wild.WalesWales is famous for its traditional laver bread which is made with boiled seaweed and served with fine Welsh oatmeal into little cakes and fried into crisp patties with eggs, bacon and cockles for a traditional Welsh breakfast.The components of aWelshbreakfast. Some common features are bacon, sausages, cockles, laver bread, eggs, fried mushrooms, tomatoes, and smoked fish. It is also possible to see some cold ingredients, like fresh fruit and cereals, although these may not always be ofWelshorigin. The bacon and sausages in aWelshbreakfastare ideally made in Wales, with traditionallyWelshingredients. TheWelshtend to like their bacon thick, and it may also be heavily marbled withFat, depending on what part of the pig it comes from. Cockles are small shellfish which are harvested from the rocky coastline of Wales cockles are said to be particularly fine. Only two vegetables cultivated in Waless i.e. leeks and cabbage. The national dish of Wales is cawl a word for broth or dope up that is a classic one pot meal. Cooked in an iron pot. Is made up of bacon lamb, cabbage, juvenile potatoes and leeks.Welsh cakes breads include Bara brith the famous bread with raisins and orange peel.Northern IrelandIn Irish history there are three major periods they are before potato arrived, after potato arrived and after the potato failed. Potato came to Ireland by way of South America and then staple over there. All the population of ire land was depended on potato because it was more profitable than other crop after 1844 all crop regularly failed nationwide about 20 years and there many people start getting weak and starved to death. Then there was big change in diet they start importing a cheap cornmeal and eating pork but that doesnt work so they again moved to oatcakes carrots turnips and local vegetable.Irish stew is a classic example made from mutton, potatoes, onion with flavoured parsley and thyme. Traditional food include soda bread originally made in the huge black cooking pot and leavened with baking powder and soured milk. In old days is made up of milk left from previous day.Colcannon is a dish made up of potato, cabbage and garlic.Carrageen moss is another Irish delicacy, seaweed that is collected and driedInternational cuisine.www.wiley.comSeasonal availability of British IngredientsJanuary Cornish cauliflower, Sprouts, hale rhubarb.February spring shallots, purple sprout sprouts, celeriac, and leeksMarch garlic shoots, new-seasons garlic, nettles, sea kale.April razors clams, guinea fowl and pheasant eggs, Jersey Royal potatoes, wild sorrel, St. Georges mushrooms.May asparagus, peas, broad beans, watercress.June new seasons carrots, germination broccoli, wild salmon, sea trout, radishes, sea beet, wild fennel, horseradish, strawberries, apples, chamomile.July tomatoes, runne r beans, lettuce, gooseberries, strawberries, raspberries, cherries, thyme, sweet corn.August gooseberries, pears, Dorset blueberries, sloes.September pumpkins, beetroot, chard, pears, field mushrooms, crab apples, blackberries.October mussels, turbot, chanterelles, oysters, oyster mushrooms, puff balls, Coxs orange pippins, walnuts, Kentish cob nuts.November Swede, parsnips, capital of Israel ArtichokesDecember quince, goose.Type of cooking in United KingdomTop of FormCooking in waterCrabs example crab bisque. Pulses and legumes (lentils, chickpeas),fish seafood chowder. Meat andpoultry poached chicken breast.SteamingMeat, fish steamed sea bassPoultry smoked duck breast, vegetables,potatoesand pasta.RoastingMeat.Example roast turkey with chipolata and Yorkshire puddings served with cranberry sauce. Roast leg of lamb served with mint sauceGrillingMeat and fish.Example rib eye steak, pork chop, fillet mignonFryingVegetables, meat and fish.StewingMeat example Irish stewCooking equipments used in British cuisineDeep fryer- This method involves fry food by submerging it completely in fat. It used as a commercial means of cooking fast food. This process is carried out at a higher(prenominal) temperature so that the food is sealed, becomes crisp and brown.Stock pot stock pot is very popular in United Kingdom. Stock pot is type of loosen up and long cooking and stock pot is a cylindrical, deep pan with a heavy lid. (http//yowspot.com/Buy_Sell2/Image/smc3/35351.jpg)Salamander When the heat source is above the grill bars, it is called as a salamander.Grill Grill is traditional British equipment were food is cook in grills may be charcoal or gas.Braising pan braising pan is a specially designed for braising a beef meat etc. it is two handled oval or rectangular pan with perfect lid. It braising pan are used on stovetop or in the oven. jellify mouldsJelly mould is very popular in the Britain. Jelly moulds used to come in different shapes and sizes. It made up of copper or tin(http//www.istockphoto.com/file_thumbview_approve/1591325/2/istockphoto_1591325-metal-jelly-moulds.jpg)Pie dish pie dish used for baking fish, for different traditional pie such as chicken pie, mushroom pie and pork pie. It is made up of earthenware or metal dish.(http//www.phantomcanyonranch.com/pottery/oval-4-baking-dishes.jpg)Tart mouldsTart mould is used for making different sweet and savoury tart. Tart mould is made up of still or metal.Yorkshire pudding mouldsYorkshire pudding mould is specially made with non-stick metal and its available in different shapes like round and rectangularFrying pan frying pan is basically made for shallow frying or some time deep also it is made up of metal with one handle.Brat pansA brat pan gets its name from the German word to fry, though in German they are called tilting pan, do far more than fry.These large, rectangular tilting pans still have a place in bigger kitchens for mass catering, with built-in heating (gas or electric) and are a versatile cooking device.The tilt feature can be electrically operated or a manual hand driven mechanism.They can boil, braise, steam, poach, stew and fry either deep or shallow frying.OvensThere are few meals as quintessentially British as theSunday Roast. Even if you dont bother with other British classics like steak and kidney pie, or Cornish pasties there is hardly anyone (except vegetarians of course) who doesnt enjoy some variation of the good old Sunday lunch. It could be roast beef with Yorkshire pudding, or roast lamb with mint sauce, roast chicken with stuffing or roast pork with crackling and apple sauce, but whichever meat you choose there should be some wonderful crisp roast potatoes to eat with the gravy or pan juices.These are the equipment are most popular in United KingdomSpanish CuisineMap of Spainhttp//www.google.co.uk/imgres?imgurl=http//www.historiae.org/images/SpainSpain IntroductionSpain is situated in southwest Europe. It borders Portugal in the w est and in the northeast Spain borders France and the Principality of Andorra. In the south, the region of Andalusia borders the British territory of Gibraltar. There are several languages used in Spain but the official language is Castilian Spanish, which is often thought of as just Spanish.Spain and Portugal are surrounded by water the Iberian Peninsula is bed of these two countries. Spains northern coast is washed by the Atlantic Ocean.The north east coast looks onto the Bay of Biscay. The Atlantic Ocean also surrounds the west of the Iberian Peninsula, which is largely Portuguese territory the exception macrocosm Galicia in the northwest of Spain. Some parts of the southern Spanish coast also face the Atlantic, but moving eastwards through the Strait of Gibraltar the Spanish coast meets the Mediterranean Sea.http//www.appliedlanguage.com/HISTORY OF SPAINMany cuisines are influenced with the other cultures and this happens even with the SPAINISH Cuisine, but that was long time back and as other influences incorporated, Spain has developed the cuisine which is uniquely its own.Most of the Spain is surrounded with water and shares the border with northeast France and Morocco which is just short distance where the Mediterranean meets the Atlantic. So it is very obvious for Spain to get capable to the cultures and cuisines to the neighbouring countries. Every region of Spain has added own variations to these different cultures. Seafood is largely added into the cuisine as it is largest coastal area in the Europe. Spain got many things from different countries and cultures .Phoenicians brought sauces by sailing through Mediterranean, Roman gave the ingredients of spices and knowledge of understanding it, and the Greek gifted them with the olives and olive oil and the cultures who influenced Spain are Jews, Carthaginians, but the moors who influenced the Spanish cuisine very strongly.Ref International cuisine. www.wiley.comMoors command Spain for more than f ive hundred years and left their mark on the Spanish cuisine, they brought fruits such as almonds, figs, bananas, oranges. Which Spanish people eat even now a days. The spices brought by the moors included cinnamon, cumin and nutmeg, served with chicken they way they are now, and the magnificent golden saffron. Paella and Gazpacho the world famous rice dish and cold soup is a gift from moors to the Spanish cuisine. Without moors Spanish cuisine would never be the astronomical pleasure. While Christians taught the Spanish to eat pork.While Columbus sailed in novel 14th century Introduced tomatoes to Europe which is now the base to the Spanish cuisine.So we can imagine as Spanish cuisine is influenced with many other cultures of other countries which makes the cuisine more and more popular day by day.Ref http//www.spanish-fiestas.comFood cultures in Spain In general, in Spain the food culture, the way that a meal is planned and eaten is more relaxed than in the UK, people seem to be in less of a hurry to get through their food.The cuisine of Spain is amazingly varied. The gastronomy the art and science of good eating, varies by region dramatically.The gastronomy in Spain is heavily influenced by the different cultures which have passed through the Iberian Peninsula Roman, Visigoth, and Arabic. Other major influences are the Phoenicians, the Greeks and important events such as the dis queery of the Americas. For this, Spanish cooking is rich in flavour and aromas. spanishfood.about.com/Of all the mentioned events, the ones that have had the most influence on Spanish gastronomy are The Roman Invasion. They developed wine, oil and wheat production. Part of this production was exported to other areas of the Roman Empire. The Invasion of the Moors. They contributed their knowledge of water management for agriculture to what the Romans had left. They also introduced oranges, lemons, rice and aubergines to Spain. The discovery of the Americas. The Spanish brought from the Americas potatoes, maize, cocoa, tomatoes, and peppers. All of these products form a part of our current gastronomy. spanishfood.about.com/Eating out in Spain is relatively cheap and meals are usually genuine instead of gourmet. The Spanish tradition of tapas is a good way to sample the local food. Tapas are small dishes of snacks which are served anytime especially in small bars. They cover all types of foods from seafood to vegetables. Many Spanish people make an evening in bar to trying different tapas. Another of Spains favourites is Serrano Ham. Spain is famous for its fish delicacies and simply essential be sampled, especially if you get to coastal areas. Paella has long been a Spanish favourite, based on either meat or seafood. Every region in Spain has its own specialities.spanishfood.about.comCLIMATE OF SPAINSpanish cuisine is made of very different kinds of dishes due to the differences in geography, culture and climate. It is heavily influenced by the variety of se afood available from the amniotic fluid that surround the country, Spain being the second largest (after Japan) consumer of fish. As Spain has had a history with many different cultural influences, the richness and variety of its cuisine is overwhelming, but all these ingredients have made up a unique cuisine with thousands of recipes and flavours. The international influences are perhaps most obvious in Barcelona.spanishfood.about.comRegions of SpainThe Spanish regions are divided by many mountain ranges. This separates them geographically, but has also led to cultural differences as well. The climate too varies enormously, both across the regions and from winter to summer. Both these factors have contributed to the humans of distinctive local food traditions.The SouthTypical images of Spain are of the southAndalusiaThe region comprises the whole of the south coast, looking east on the Mediterranean from Almeria province, south to malanga and out on to the Atlantic beyond Gibralt ar. Attracts the tourist beaches and another of fishing farming. A wide variety of shellfish are found in the warm Mediterranean, and from the Atlantic come big fish such as shark and tuna.Wonderful crops of asparagus and strawberries grow in the Guadalquivir Delta.Almeria, with the help of irrigation supplies tomatoes Peppers to all of Europe. The grizzly green olives grow where nothing else will, and orange and lemon trees loaded with fruit, surrounded the hamlets.Andalusia is said to be zone of frying. But in villages old fashioned stews of beans or chickpeas are common. Gazpacho is traditional Spanish soup made up of tomatoes and green peppers.Ref International cuisine. www.wiley.comSangria the chilled mixture of wine and citrus juice made in a big jug is another summer cooler. It belongs to a world of siesta afternoon of pure peace.MurciaTo the east of Andalusia lies Murcia, another Moorish province, indeed they rule here until 1609. This is another garden area with the Hu erta de MurciaGrowing bright green parsley and broad beans. They cook the beans in slow fire when its tender mix with tomato sauce and served in a breakfast. Stuffed peppers with aubergines and cous cous flavoured with parsley are popular in this region. Ref International cuisine. www.wiley.comCentral SpainAt 700m/22300ft the Meseta is the high heart of Spain and comprise nearly half the country. This is Castilla a great plain with Madrid in the middle, which divided in to two rather different halves. Ref International cuisine. www.wiley.comNorthern Castile and LeonTierra de pan y vino (land of bread and wine) is one description of the Duero Valley. Bread has mystical significance in the great grain plains of Old Castile. Because In the Middle Ages there were a number of Jewish converts to the Church who had become convinced Christians by studying and practicing the Jewish Mystical TraditionThe bread basket of Spain produces round hogazas, big close grained loaves, and houses ret ain their circular ovens, even when they are no longer work.Legumes are dairy fare, well flavoured garlic. Chickpeas and lentils grow here. In the north east region sheeps milk is used to make cheese- soft, white Burgos and the celebrated manchego. Ref International cuisine. www.wiley.comMadridThe city dish is cocido, is probably one of Spains national dishes. Cocido is based on a, which simmers away all day, hardly bubbling. In the old days households made it every day, for poached meat used to be the hallmark of the upper-middle-class kitchen. From this pot comes a series of magnificent things. But callos (tripe) is so popular that it has moved from the home to become bar fare.CaldoThis is clear stock, rich with many meat juices. Famous as clear soup with sherry in it, it is drunk world-w

Surgical Treatment Method of Isthmic Spondylolisthesis

Surgical Treatment Method of Isthmic SpondylolisthesisComparison of Two and triplet Vertebral Segment Posterolateral Fusion in the Treatment of Isthmic SpondylolisthesisSerkan BILGIC, Omer ERSEN, Tolga EGE, Kenan KOCA, Selahattin OZYUREK, Safak EKINCI, Erbil OGUZ, Ali SEHIRLIOGLUABSTRACTBackgroundOptimal running(a) intervention method of isthmic spondylolisthesis remains unclear. Complications can be invited go saving a segment for lumbar motion.ObjectiveThe aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effect of the number of federation aims on the clinical results of liberal isthmic spondylolisthesis patients who had undergone posterior instrumentality and PLF.Patients and MethodsThis retrospective study comprised 37 (20 male, 17 female) patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF (Postero-lateral jointure) surrounded by January 2005 and May 2011. Pre and post- operating(a)(prenominal) radiological evaluation was mad e by anteroposterior, lateral, musculus obliquus externus abdominis and lateral flexion-extension x-rays. Preoperative spondylolisthesis slippage grading was evaluated according to the Meyerding classification from the preoperative radiographs.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 36.4 9.2 years and the mean run through period was 34.3 months. Two-level federation was applied to 22 patients and single-level fusion was applied to 15 patients. Decompression was performed on 7 patients in the two-level fusion group and on 6 patients in the single-level fusion group. There were no neurologic complication after cognitive process in either group. No union complications were seen in the two-level PLF group however in the single-level PLF group, screw loosening occurred in 3 patients and screw breakage in 1 due to the pseudoarthrosis. These four patients were revised with two-level PLF.ConclusionsThis study has demonstrated that two-level posterior instrumentation and PLF with local organize grafts and DBM wargon significantly fracture clinical and radiological results than single-level surgery. To avoid potential complications of PLIF, two-level PLF can be an alternative treatment option.Key wordsIstmic spondylolisthesis, Posterior lumbar interbody fusion, statistical regressionBackgroundLumbar spondylolisthesis is present in about 5% to 6% of the population with various etiopathogenesis. Due to its variant pathological anatomy, the radiological appearance, age and clinical aspect of the patients are different on diagnosis. It generally starts as spondylolysis, a bilateral pars fatigue fracture and becomes spondylolisthesis with a slip of a vertebra over the abutting one. As the slip increases, disc degeneration and pain starts (1-3).Although conservative treatment is the first treatment option, surgery for symptomatic spondylolisthesis in bigs has been found to have better clinical results than conservative treatment choices (3, 4). However, it remains unclear which surgical strategy should be adopted, as there is limited scientific evidence on which to average an optimal treatment method. watchwords on spondylolisthesis treatment have generally focussed on reduction, fusion levels, graft choices, and surgical techniques (5-7).One of the most best-loved surgical treatment options for spondylolisthesis is posterior transpedicular instrumentation of the relevant segments and posterolateral fusion (PLF) (5, 7). However, it is still a matter of controversy in literature as to how many levels should be consolidated and instrumented.ObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effect of the number of fusion levels on the clinical results of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis patients who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study comprised 37 (20 male, 17 female) patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF between Janu ary 2005 and May 2011. Patients with spondylolisthesis other than Type 2 according to the Wiltse classification were excluded from the study. Pre and post-operative radiological evaluation was made by anteroposterior, lateral, abdominal external oblique muscle and lateral flexion-extension x-rays. Preoperative spondylolisthesis slippage grading was evaluated according to the Meyerding classification from the preoperative radiographs. The decompression decision was made preoperatively according to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and patients preoperative neurological evaluation. Preoperative and postoperative neurological status, duration of surgery, number of fused and instrumented levels, total blood loss and complications were evaluated from the clinical database. For clinical evaluation of surgical outcomes, the Oswestry Disability tycoon (ODI) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) applied at the final follow-up were used.3.1 Surgical procedureExposure was obtained from the spinous pr ocesses to the transverse processes bilaterally throughout segments think for fusion. Under fluoroscopic control, 6.5 mm pedicle screws were placed by free-hand technique. No reduction manoeuvre was used. Decompression of the segments, which had been determined by preoperative MRI and clinical run was performed for the patients with neurological deficit. In all cases PLF was performed. In the area planned for fusion, the spinous processes were resected, peeled off from mild tissues and used for grafting with demineralized fig up matrix. Patients were mobilized with a soft brace on the first postoperative day and the brace was continued for 3 months. (Figure 1, 2)3.2 Statistical analysisWe used the SPSS software package (version 15.0, SPSS, Chicago, IL) and expressed level variables as percentages and continuous variables as mean standard deviation (SD) or median (quartiles). Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate whether the scattering of continuous variables was normal. For parameters that showed normal distribution we used the paired sample t test and for parameters that did not show normal distribution the Mann-Whitney U-test was used. Chi-square test was used to analyze categorical variables. Statistical importee was set at p ResultsAll patients had a history of at least 3 months of lumbar pain due to the spondylolisthesis, which had proved to be large-minded to conservative treatment. The mean age of the patients was 36.4 9.2 years and the mean follow-up period was 34.3 months. Low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis was present at L5-S1 level in 23 patients, at L4-5 level in 13 patients and at L3-4 level in 1 patient. Two-level fusion was applied to 22 patients and single-level fusion was applied to 15 patients. Decompression was performed on 7 patients in the two-level fusion group and on 6 patients in the single-level fusion group. There were no neurological complications after surgery in either group. stiff duration of surgery for single-le vel and two-level surgery was 160 minutes and 190 minutes (160-240), and average blood loss was 285 ml and 390 ml respectively. There were no inequalitys between the two groups in terms of demographic properties (Table 1).One of the patients in the two-level PLF group had superficial infection and was treated with debridement and antibiotheraphy. No union complications were seen in the two-level PLF group but in the single-level PLF group, screw loosening occurred in 3 patients and screw breakage in 1 due to the pseudoarthrosis. These four patients were revised with two-level PLF. (Figure 3)ODI scores from the final follow-up were 12.26.2 in the single-level PLF group, and 9.2 6.4 in the two-level PLF group (p=0,035). VAS scores were 3.21.7 in the single-level PLF group and 2.91.6 in the two-level PLF group (p=0.043). The ODI and VAS scores of the patients revised with two- level PLF were excluded from the clinical evaluation.DiscussionLumbar spondylolysthesis has several etiopath ogenetic factors as was shown by Marchetti and Bartolozzi giving rise to variations in pathological anatomy, radiological findings, age and clinical symptoms of the patients on diagnosis. When conservative treatment options fail, surgery becomes the next step. Although there have been a large number of studies on spondylolisthesis, there is no clear evidence for a single superior treatment option. Anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) and PLF with/without instrumentation are the most widely accepted surgical methods. Whilst PLF with instrumentation is the most preferred treatment for most authors, there is no scientific evidence showing that PLF is outrageous compared to PLIF or circumferential fusion (8-11) even though the major theoretic advantage of PLIF and circumferential fusion seems to have resulted in improved outcomes compared with PLF. Ekman et al (12) found that the type of fusion, whether PLIF or PLF, did not affect the outcom e of surgical treatment of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis over a two year follow-up period. Furtherto a greater extent, PLIF is a more invasive, technically more difficult method requiring a longer operative time, which may result in increased blood loss and higher complication rates (12, 13). Similarly, Kim et al. could not demonstrate any difference between ALIF and PLF with instrumentation (11). Although circumferential fusion was reported as significantly better than PLF at 6 months and 1 year in a study by Swan, no difference was determined at two years (14). In a systematic review of 29 high quality studies, Jacobs and al. found no difference between different fusion techniques (15). In the electric current study the treatment choice was PLF with instrumentation which is a relatively easy method with a shorter operating time and lower blood loss compared to other techniques in literature.When performing PLF, slip reduction can be achieved during the same procedure. The advan tages of slip reduction acknowledge improved spine biomechanics, better nerve root decompression and a better opportunity for fusion by relieving tension and shear forces (5). Although the major disadvantage of slip reduction is increased risk of neurological injury, there have been numerous studies evaluating slip reduction for adult low grade spondylolisthesis (14, 16-18). In the current study, slip reduction was not performed to avoid the possibility of potential neurological damage and as all the cases had low grade isthmic spondylolisthesis.To protect one more mobile segment, near authors have preferred single-level postero-lateral instrumentation and fusion instead of two-level (6, 13, 15). However, there is no scientific proof to help determine the number of fusion levels and this decision is based on the surgeons empirical experience. In a prospective study by Inage et al, two-level fusion with local bone grafts was shown to father increased pseudoarthrosis (6). Similarly in a study by Deguchi et al, single-level fusions showed an 82% fusion rate, and two-level fusions, a 74% rate radiologically (19). Higher fusion rates in the two-level fusion group were achieved with rigid spinal anesthesia implants. The clinical success of that study correlated with the radiological fusion rates. Contrary to the information in literature, local bone grafts mixed with demineralized bone matrix (DBM) were used in the current study to achieve union for both groups and no union problem was seen in the two-level fusion group. Pseudoarthrosis was observed in four cases in the one -level fusion group.Although some authors have reported incongruity between the clinical results of spondylolisthesis patients and union rates, VAS and ODI are the most reliable clinical tests to evaluate spondylolythesis (9, 10, 20). The results of the current study reveal that two-level posterior instrumentation with PLF has better results than single-level surgery according to VAS and ODI. This study has some limitations. Firstly, the retrospective design did not allow for uniformity of the groups. The number of patients was also limited to achieve generalized results. Although the pedicle screws were all 6.5 mm in size, they were not all from the same manufacturer, so implant problems were disregarded.In conclusion, this study has demonstrated that two-level posterior instrumentation and PLF with local bone grafts and DBM have significantly better clinical and radiological results than single-level surgery. To avoid potential complications of PLIF, two-level PLF can be an alternative treatment option.References1.Floman Y. Progression of lumbosacral isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. Spine. 200025(3)342-7.2.Fredrickson BE, Baker D, McHolick WJ, Yuan HA, Lubicky JP. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. The journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 198466(5)699-707.3.Osterman K, Schlenzka D, Poussa M, Seitsalo S, Virta L. Isthmic spondy lolisthesis in symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects, epidemiology, and natural history with special reference to disk abnormality and mode of treatment. clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1993(297)65-70.4.Moller H, Hedlund R. Surgery versus conservative management in adult isthmic spondylolisthesisa prospective randomized study part 1. Spine. 200025(13)1711-5.5.Floman Y, Millgram MA, Ashkenazi E, Smorgick Y, Rand N. Instrumented slip reduction and fusion for huffy unstable isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. Journal of spinal disorders techniques. 200821(7)477-83.6.Inage K, Ohtori S, Koshi T, Suzuki M, Takaso M, Yamashita M, et al. One, two-, and three-level instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine with a local bone graft a prospective study with a 2-year follow-up. Spine. 201136(17)1392-6.7.Zagra A, Giudici F, Minoia L, Corriero AS, Zagra L. Long-term results of pediculo-body fixation and posterolateral fusion for lumbar spondylolisthesis. European spine journal official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European particle of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 200918 Suppl 1151-5.8.Bernhardt M, Swartz DE, Clothiaux PL, Crowell RR, White AA, 3rd. Posterolateral lumbar and lumbosacral fusion with and without pedicle screw internal fixation. Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1992(284)109-15.9.Fischgrund JS, Mackay M, Herkowitz HN, Brower R, Montgomery DM, Kurz LT. 1997 Volvo Award winner in clinical studies. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis a prospective, randomized study comparing decompressive laminectomy and arthrodesis with and without spinal instrumentation. Spine. 199722(24)2807-12.10.Herkowitz HN, Kurz LT. Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis with spinal stenosis. A prospective study comparing decompression with decompression and intertransverse process arthrodesis. The Journal of bone and joint surgery American volume. 199173(6)802- 8.11.Kim NH, Lee JW. Anterior interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion with transpedicular fixation for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults. A comparison of clinical results. Spine. 199924(8)812-6 discussion 7.12.Ekman P, Moller H, Tullberg T, Neumann P, Hedlund R. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion in adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 200732(20)2178-83.13.Madan S, Boeree NR. Outcome of posterior lumbar interbody fusion versus posterolateral fusion for spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 200227(14)1536-42.14.Swan J, Hurwitz E, Malek F, van den Haak E, Cheng I, Alamin T, et al. Surgical treatment for unstable low-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults a prospective controlled study of posterior instrumented fusion compared with combined anterior-posterior fusion. The spine journal official journal of the labor union American Spine Society. 20066(6)606-14.15.Jacobs WC, Vreeling A, De Kleuver M. Fusion for low-grade adult isthmic spondylo listhesis a systematic review of the literature. European spine journal official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European discussion section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 200615(4)391-402.16.Sears W. Posterior lumbar interbody fusion for lytic spondylolisthesis restoration of sagittal balance using insert-and-rotate interbody spacers. The spine journal official journal of the North American Spine Society. 20055(2)161-9.17.Spruit M, van Jonbergen JP, de Kleuver M. A concise follow-up of a previous report posterior reduction and anterior lumbar interbody fusion in symptomatic low-grade adult isthmic spondylolisthesis. European spine journal official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 200514(9)828-32.18.Suk SI, Lee CK, Kim WJ, Lee JH, Cho KJ, Kim HG. Adding posterior lumbar interbody fusion to pedicle scr ew fixation and posterolateral fusion after decompression in spondylolytic spondylolisthesis. Spine. 199722(2)210-9 discussion 9-20.19.Deguchi M, Rapoff AJ, Zdeblick TA. Posterolateral fusion for isthmic spondylolisthesis in adults analysis of fusion rate and clinical results. Journal of spinal disorders. 199811(6)459-64.20.Ohtori S, Suzuki M, Koshi T, Takaso M, Yamashita M, Yamauchi K, et al. Single-level instrumented posterolateral fusion of the lumbar spine with a local bone graft versus an iliac crest bone graft a prospective, randomized study with a 2-year follow-up. European spine journal official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society. 201120(4)635-9.TablesTable 1. Paramaters of groups during surgery1

History Of Taj Hotel Tourism Essay

History Of Taj Hotel Tourism EssayThe company was incorporated in 1902 and it opened its first hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace Tower, Mumbai, in 1903. The Company then chthoniantook study expansion of The Taj Mahal Palace Tower, Mumbai by constructing an adjacent tower block and increasing the number of rooms from 225 to 565 rooms. From the 1970s to the present day, the Taj Group has played an important employment in launching several of Indias key tourist destinations, working in close association with the Indian Government. The Taj Group has a philosophy of proceeds honor which entails providing consistently high levels of personalized dish and ripe means of improving dish up quality.The Taj Group has been active in converting former royal palaces in India into existence physical body high life hotels such as the Taj Lake Palace in Udaipur, the Rambagh Palace in Jaipur and Umaid Bhawan Palace in Jodhpur.In 1974, the Taj Group opened Indias first worldwideist five star deluxe beach resort, the Fort Aguada Beach Resort in Goa.In 1980, the Taj Group took its first step internationally by spring its first hotel asideside IndiaIn 1984, the Taj Group acquired under a license agreement each of The Taj westside suppress, Bangalore.During the 1990s, the Taj Group continued to expand its geographic and securities industry coverage in India.In 2000, the launch of the 56 acre Taj Exotica, Goa and the Taj Hari Mahal in Jodhpur were assoild.In 2003, the Company celebrated the centenary of the opening of its Flagship hotel, the Taj Mahal Palace Tower, Mumbai.In 2005 the Company acquired on lease The Pierre, a renowned hotel in New York City, to enter the high life end of the developed hotel commercialises internationally.Introduction Of Taj HotelThe Indian Hotels Company control (IHCL) and its subsidiaries are collectively known as Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces and is recognised as iodine of Asias largest and finest hotel company. Incorporated by t he founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji N. Tata, the company opened its first property, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Bombay in 1903. The Taj, a symbol of Indian hospitality, completed its centenary year in 2003.Taj Hotels Resort and Palaces comprises more than 60 hotels in 45 locations across India with an additional 15 international hotels in the Malaysia, United Kingdom, United States of America, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, Africa, the Middle East and Australia.Spanning the length and breadth of the country, gracing important industrial towns and cities, beaches, hill stations, historical and pilgrim centres and wildlife destinations, each Taj hotel offers the luxury of service, the mop up of Indian hospitality, vantage locations, modern amenities and telephone line facilities. renovation Segmentation By Taj HotelIHCL operate in the luxury, premium, mid-market and value segments of the market through the followingTaj (luxury full-service hotels, resorts and palaces) is our flagship ma il for the worlds most discerning croakers imagineking sure experiences given that luxury is a way of life to which they are accustomed. Spanning world-renowned landmarks, modern business hotels, idyllic beach resorts, authentic Rajput palaces and rustic safari lodges, each Taj hotel reinterprets the tradition of hospitality in a refreshingly modern way to create ludicrous experiences and lifelong memories.Taj besides encompasses a unique set of iconic properties rooted in history and tradition that digest truly unforgett adapted experiencesTaj Exotica is our resort and watering hole brand found in the most exotic and relaxing locales of the world. The properties are defined by the privacy and intimacy they proffer. The hotels are clearly differentiated by their product philosophy and service design. They are centered around high end accommodation, intimacy and an environs that allows its guest unrivalled comfort and privacy.Taj Safaris are wildlife lodges that allow travel ers to experience the unparalleled beaut of the Indian jungle amidst deluxe surroundings. They offer Indias first and only wildlife luxury lodge circuit. Taj Safaris provide guests with the ultimate, interpretive, wild life experience based on a proven sustainable ecotourism model.Upper Upscale Hotels (full-service hotels and resorts) provide a new generation of travelers a contemporary and creative hospitality experience that matches their work-hard play-hard lifestyles. Stylish interiors, innovative cuisine, hip bars, and a focus on technology set these properties apart.The Gateway Hotel (upscale/mid-market full service hotels and resorts) is a pan-India network of hotels and resorts that offers business and leisure travelers a hotel designed, care the modern nomad in mind. At the Gateway Hotel, we believe in keeping things simple. This is why, our hotels are divided into 7 simple zones- Stay, Hang come out of the closet, Meet, Work, Workout, Unwind and Explore.Ginger ( saving hotels) is IHCLs revolutionary conception in hospitality for the value segment. Intelligently designed facilities, consistency and affordability are hallmarks of this brand targeted at travelers who value simplicity and self-service.Taj Hotels also promise a tout ensemble new experience of tranquillity and total wellness, throughJiva Spas a unique concept, which brings together the wisdom and heritage of the Asian and Indian Philosophy of Wellness and Well-being. grow in ancient Indian healing knowledge, Jiva Spas derive inspiration and spirit from the holistic concept of living. There is a rich basket of fresh and unique experiences under the Jiva Spa umbrella of offering, Yoga and Meditation, mastered and disseminated by accomplished practitioners, authentic Ayurveda, and unique Taj signature treatments. Royal traditions of wellness in service experiences, holistic treatments involving soundbox therapies, enlivening and meaningful rituals and ceremonies and unique natural prod ucts blended by hand, come together to offer a truly calming experience.Taj song, a luxury secluded jet operation with state-of-the-art Falcon 2000 aircrafts designed by Dassault Aviation, France and Taj Yachts, two 3-bedroom luxury yachts which can be utilise by guests in Mumbai and Kochi, in Kerala.Taj Sats Air Catering Ltd., the largest airline catering service in South Asia, as a joint venture with Singapore Airport Terminal Services, a subordinate of Singapore Airlines.CORPORATE SUSTAINABILITY AND SOCIAL RESPONSBILITYAs a part of Tatas Indias premier business house we at Taj Hotels, wear always believed in society and environment being integral stakeholders in our business along with our shareholders, customers, vendors and others.We promote corporate citizenship through our strategic public-private partnerships which encourage building livelihoods of less-advantaged youth and women. The causes we promote include step-down malnutrition, promoting indigenous artisans and c raftsmen and enhancing employability of identified target groups by sharing our core competencies as a leading hospitality company. We encourage training and development of differently able youth.We at Taj have the unique scope and opportunity to develop raw potential into a skilled workforce that is immediately employable by various players in the industry. A majority of our community projects are focused around extending our key strengths in food production, kitchen management, housekeeping, customer service and spas to promote economic authorization of candidates from vulnerable socio-economic backgrounds. We are fully committed to the cause of building a sustainable environment by reducing the impact of our daily operations on the environment and improving operational efficiencies, resource conservation, reuse and recycling of key resources.VisionThe Taj Group of Hotels commits itself to the overall improvement of the ecological environment, which we are all a part of. We reco gnize that we are non owners but caretakers of the Planet and owe it to our children and future generations of humankind. It is our endeavour not only to con table service and protect but also to renew and regenerate the environment in which we live and operate.Our freight encompasses all actions related to to our products, operate, associates, partners, vendors and communities.We will partner and engage with our environment through EARTH environmental Awareness and Renewal at Taj Hotels. For us EARTH is not a program, nor a process it is a way of life.EARTH( Enviornment Activities)In an endeavour to reinstate its ken and efforts to boost sustainable tourism, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces presented EARTH (Environment Awareness Renewal at Taj Hotels) this year. Implementing schemes such as the Gangroti Glacier Clean-Up Expedition, as well as designated Earth rooms, which minimise environmental impact, Taj is one of Asias largest group of hotels to commit to energy conservation and environmental management. EARTH has received certification from Green Globe, the only worldwide environmental certification program for travel and tourism.The Taj began a century ago with a single landmark The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai. Today, the various Taj hotels, in all their variety and historical richness, are recognised internationally as the symbols of true Indian hospitality. The Companys history is integral to Indias emergence into the global business and leisure travel community and looking to the future, Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces is well positioned to meet the amplify in travel activity with the rapid expansion of the Indian economy.Taj Hotels has joined the internationally-recognised Green Globe benchmarking and certification system as an extension of its existing environmental policies. Taj Hotels has long recognised that as a leader it has an important contribution to make and a responsibility to demonstrate to others how they can be part of the sque eze against climate change.Corporate GovernanceTaj has been practicing good Corporate Governance even before Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI) made it a mandatory requirement from 2001. show up of more than 5000 companies listed with the Bombay Stock Exchange the Company is categorized as an A Group Company which group comprises only 200 companies and the criteria for selection is based on Market Capitalisation, Liquidity, Industry Representation, Listed History and track record of Compliance.Being a TATA group Company, the Company goes beyond the mandatory requirements of Corporate Governance and conducts business in a fair and transparent manner. It maintains good investor relationships and endeavors to deliver to investor consistent quality services.Customer facilitiesTaj Hotel Exotica Resort Spa Maldives, is an exclusive, private and romantic island resort lush with tropic plants and encircled by clear blue waters of one of the largest lagoons of the Maldives. Taj Hote l Exotica Resort Spa Maldives spreads idyllically along a pristine beach and the serene lagoon. The award-winning resort, now re-launched, seamlessly extends the magic of the islands blessed natural beauty in its design even as it offers the finest contemporary luxuries and services.Taj Hotel Exotica Resort Spa Maldives offers 59 Rooms and 3 Suites. All the rooms are completely refurbished and redesigned. 90% of the accommodation is built over water and 10% is on the beach front. The rooms offer sempiternal views of the Indian Ocean. Taj Spa, an authentic Indian spa, offers a range of signature wellness experiences. A choice of gourmet cuisine, water sports, and recreation make for a complete and exclusive destination.Room FacilitiesAir ConditionedSatellite TelevisionInternational Direct Dial TelephonePrivate BathroomHairdryersMini Bar pencil eraser Deposit Box24 Hour Room ServiceCoffee/ tea Making FacHigh Speed Internet AccessCoffee/Tea Making FacilitiesHotel FacilitiesTravel De skDoctor On CallLaundry ServiceConcierge DeskLuggage Storage24 Hour Front DeskPostal/Parcel ServiceCurrency Exchange CounterBaby Sitting Service(On Request)Airport Shuttle Service(On Request)Dining Entertainment24 DegressEquator BarIn Villa DiningThe Deep EndSports LeisureSpaWater SportsFitness CentreBilliards/Snooker TablesMeeting Facilities patronage CentreSWOT AnalysisStrengths-The group has enormous power and strengths, which ma kes it the best and competitive, some of them areIt consists of 57 properties in 40 locations across India and 18 international hotels.Its stylish variety of hotels like Taj exotica, Taj safari, The gateway hotels, Ginger hotels, Jivas spa etc.Its effective and efficient management techniques and staff.Its brand name.The presence of Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces in various countries like United Kingdom, France, Germany, Italy, Dubai, Singapore, Australia, Japan, Russia and the United States of America.Securing management contracts at Palm Island, Jum eirah in Dubai,Saraya Islands in Ras Al Khaimah, Aldar Group in Abu Dhabi, UAE Langkawi in Malaysia and Thimpu in Bhutan.The various initiatives taken like rollout of CustomerFeedback System, Tata Business Excellence sit down, IT initiatives, Ginger hotels etc. failingTaj hotels being such a big brand, has a lot of advantages but every big company faces some odds and so does Taj. Some of its failingIts hard to maintain such a huge chain of subsidiaries and there are more chances of mishaps in management.Its huge competitors like Oberoi, Leela, Oriental, ITC etc are also providing alike(p) facilities and thus it becomes a weakness for Taj hotels.Its very costly for the Indians to afford the tariffs and service charges set by Taj hotels. Thus, they loose a major part of their market share.They impoverishment a lot of investment.As Taj hotels is a popular group, it is always in the eyes of the terrorists, as taj has already faced such an incident. Therefore, it proves to be a wea kness some times, to be so popular.OpportunitiesThe Group is poised strategically to take advantage of the following situationIn the backdrop of a healthy economy having its positive fallouts on the TourismSector leading to rapid growth in markets in India, South Asia and key gateway citiesin source-market destinations.Rapid expansion in both International and Domestic destinations, with top-of-the-line Luxury, Leisure and Business properties.Meeting growing beg in the budget and mid-market segments.Extending the product portfolio into related offerings viz. luxury residences, wildlifelodges and health spas.ThreatsThe threats identified by the Group are related mainly to the markets in which the Groupoperates and general factors related to the tourism industry. Significant among these areCheaper international airfares, increasing affordability of travel to Internationaldestinations, especially South East Asia, Europe and Australia.Growing presence of international hospitality chain s competing in the Luxury andBusiness segments, to meet excess demand situation.Appreciating Indian Rupee vis--vis the US Dollar, resulting in lower realisation onforeign exchange earnings.Slowdown of international demand resulting in reduction of grosss.Future StrategiesUrban Sanctuaries Luxury Weekends from the TajCity EscapesIsland EscapesRejuvenate with JivaChristmas and New Year breaksSome more developments in progress areTAJ opens its fifth hotel in BangaloreTaj Coromandel presents ANISENo Room for the Ordinary advertising campaignTaj Residency Bangalore unveils Jiva SpaHeritage Nature Walk At The Taj West End, BangaloreBhairo,The sensory New Rooftop Restaurant At Taj Lake Palace,UdaipurIntoxicating Bhutanese Bath At Taj Tashi, Thimphu, BhutanTwo More Taj Safari Lodges Will Open In 2009Taj Values hoi polloi DIVERSITY, INTEGRITY RESPECTPASSION FOR EXCELLENCEEXCEED EXPECTATIONSINNOVATIONSENSE OF URGENCY ACCOUNTABILITYSOCIAL RESPONSIBILITYJOY AT WORK mess are our greatest asse t and the key to our success.We respect diversity of people, ideas, cultures and honor the value of individuals in a team.We believe in perfection to achieve excellence.We always improve processes to surpass global benchmarks.We succeed by exceeding expectations of all stakeholders and protecting the interest of our shareholders and playing by the rules.We encourage innovation, embrace change and defy growth through knowledge and learning.We accept responsibility and deliver on promises with a sense of urgency and agility.We commit to improve the quality of life of the communities we serve and our concern for the environment by returning to society what we earnWe recognize and respect each other in all interactions and set the example for our guests, business associates and colleagues.We encourage a fair environment that supports equal opportunity to attract, develop and retain the best talent and endeavor to have fun too.Taj PromisesAt the Taj Group, our commitment to service exc ellence is rooted in our two guiding principles called the Four Steps of Service and the Taj People Philosophy. One of our key priorities is to empower our people to deliver on our legacy of impeccable service.Four Steps of Service1. A warm and sincere welcome. Use the guest name, whenever possible.2. Fulfill guest needs and provide anticipatory service.3. Defect free products and services.4. Fond farewell using the guest name, whenever possible.Taj People PhilosophyThe Taj People Philosophy displays our commitment to and belief in our people. We see Talent counsel as the most important sustainable competitive advantage in the future.You are an important member of the Taj family.We endeavor to select, retain and buy off the best talent in the industry.We reward and recognize quality customer care based upon individual and team performance.We commit to providing you with opportunities for continuous learning and development.We jut by fair and just policies that ensure your well-be ing and that of your family, the community and the environment.We commit to regular and formal channels of communication, which nurture openness and transparency.We strongly believe that you are the Taj.Key InitiativesGinger HotelsIHCL is in the process of rolling out its Smart Basics hotels, under the brand name Ginger. The first prototype has been launched in June 2004 in Bangalore, with roll out being planned in a number of cities and towns subsequently. These hotels will cater to the economy or value for moneysegment and being predominantly home(prenominal) clientele based, are far less prone to fluctuations than the luxury and upscale segments. In the long run, thissegment will help in derisking the current revenue stream of the company.Brand ArchitectureIHCL is in the process of clearly defining the product and service standards in order to have consistency across properties under each brand. This will help in further enhancing the brand value of Taj.Product UpgradationIHCL c ontinues to invest in renovation and relaunch of key / brand defining properties. In the last financial year IHCL upgraded rooms at the Taj Mahal Palace Tower, Mumbai and Taj West End, Bangalore The lobby and public areas of Taj Lake Palace, Udaipur and Rambagh Palace, Jaipur were also renovated to provide a luxurious sense of arrival. The ocean Lounge and Harbour Bar at Taj Mahal Palace Tower, Mumbai was relaunched, while a new Vietnamese restaurant Blue Ginger was opened in Taj West End, Bangalore The renovated products and the new outlets were very well received in the market. The renovated rooms at Taj Mahal Palace Tower, Mumbai and Taj West End, Bangalore have emerged as the price leaders in the single cities. In the coming year IHCL intends to open a number of FB outlets by celebrity Chefs with international cuisine. In the upscale segment, the properties are being relaunched to be at par with international level upscale hotels. The rooms at Taj President, Mumbai, Taj Resi dency, Bangalore, Jai Mahal Palace, Jaipur and Taj Holiday Village, Goa are being renovated and relaunched.Service ExcellenceIn the last few geezerhood IHCL has undertaken a number of steps to significantly enhance service levels to be in line with the best in class. IHCL has constantly benchmarked itself with the key international luxury chains and strived to raise the bar. IHCLs service excellence philosophy, has at its core, delivery through our people, processes and culture.IHCL has taken a number of steps to provide highly personalized service to the discerning customer, including butler services in its luxury properties. In order to take care of the entire stay experience, IHCL has also completely revamped its Concierge services. The Centers of Excellence have been strengthened considerably to train staff to meet the exacting standards of a truly luxury hotel. Tata Business Excellence Model (TBEM) will play a significant role in raising the bar of service provided. The TBEM h as been rolled out in all the three hotel divisions and will be rolled out to the international properties also.Tata Business Excellence Model (TBEM)In order to intensify the drive for Business Excellence, IHCL conducted Internal Assessments based on the Tata Business Excellence Model for Luxury, Leisure, Business SBUs as well as for Taj SATS Air Catering Limited. The Luxury Division has also applied for External Assessment, which is to be facilitated by Tata Quality Management Services. Based on the External Assessment (2003) feedback report and the feedback from the Internal Assessment, action plans to improve processes which finally impact the overall organizational effectiveness, have been drawn out and worked upon. Some of the key initiatives deployed across key hotels of the Taj group in the year 2003-04 areRollout of the Customer Feedback SystemThe CFS was launched in November 2003 and has taken root in 30 hotels across Taj group. It is the primary and sole customer feedback system of the group. Till date, the system has clocked around 12,000 pieces of customer feedback. The feedback from all sources gets recorded and aggregated and analyzed to improve the service quality in areas of concern at each of the hotels. Feedback is not restricted to only guest difficulties (complaints) but also consists of compliments and suggestions. The feedback would ultimately be used for product planning as well.IT initiativesFrom a situation in 1999 where there was limited IT application, Taj group has today achieved domestic leadership in deploying IT to leverage its competencies and is quickly approaching benchmarks set by international highly regarded chains. The first three phases of implementation of the IT strategy included putting in place the physical stem across the Taj Group and getting customer relationship applications to ride on this physical infrastructure, with a view to enhancing customer services through customer information and recognition systems an d better inventory management. Some of the key IT initiatives being under taken by IHCL are Orion, a comprehensive back office system, implementing tax income Management system, Interactive TV Systems and National Call Center.CompetitionA Tata company shall fully strive for the establishment and support of a competitive, open market economy in India and abroad, and shall cooperate in efforts to promote the progressive and judicious liberalisation of trade and investment by a country. Specifically, a Tata company shall not engage in activities that generate or support the formation of monopolies, dominant market positions, cartels and similar unfair trade practices. A Tata company shall market its products and services on its own merits and shall not make unfair and misleading statements about competitors products and services. Any collection of competitive information shall be made only in the normal course of business and shall be obtained only through legally permitted sources an d means.Direct Competitors1. Oberoi Hotels2. Oriental Hotels3. ITC Welcomgroup4. Hotel Leela etc.Potential Target market The upper class of the society is targeted. i.e. the richer people in the society. Their fares or tariffs are high as the luxuries provided by them are also standard and 5-star. Thus, this is in context to the Indian branches of Taj Hotels.dodgeTaj group has used the Taj name for all its operations to leverage the brand equity commanded by the name Taj.Taj brand is playing an increasing role of impetuous revenuesTaj group plans to add around 12 Hotels in the next 3 years .Taj facilitates the expansion to other segment by endorsing the sub-brands with their parents brand names.MARKETING systemA higher emphasis was placed on the business segment as the profits are higher (this market being less price-sensitive) as compared to the luxury segment.There was a proliferation of the Taj Presidency hotels not only in new cities, but also smaller towns.The action plan is more opportunities, adding to and complementing the brand. forward-looking MARKETING SERVICESSTAY A BIT LONGER- If a customer book 2 nights or 3 with Taj hotels, then they surprise to customer with a complimentary nights stay at select hotels.EARLY BIRD OFFER- Say at any of Taj properties ranging from modern business hotels to idyllic beach resorts to authentic Rajput palaces, 10 days in advance and avail the Early Bird Rate to sleep together savings of 20% over our Best Available Rate (BAR).entourage SURPRISES Book between 1-4 nights in Taj Suites and enjoy a free nights stay. Luxury at the Taj isnt only about indulgences, but advantages. Book 1, 2, 3 or 4 nights in our majestic Suites, featuring impeccable interiors and classic style, and enjoy a complimentary nights stay.TAJ SAFARIS are wildlife lodges that allow travelers to experience the unparalleled beauty of the Indian jungle amidst luxurious surroundings. They offer Indias first and only wildlife luxury lodge circuit. Ta j Safaris provide guests with the ultimate, interpretive, wild life experience based on a proven sustainable ecotourism model.TAJ AIR, a luxury private jet operation with state-of-the-art Falcon 2000 aircrafts designed by Dassault Aviation, France and Taj Yachts, two 3-bedroom luxury yachts which can be used by guests in Mumbai and Kochi, in Kerala.BUSINESS EDGE At the Taj, business is not just unconventional, but valuable. Alongside the quintessential fusion of business and pleasure, you will also enjoy unbelievable savings and benefits on our traditional hospitality and exceptional service that are sure to leave you pleasantly surprised.Breakfast for two (single/double same rate)Hotel Credit of Rs 2000/- per stay against FB, laundry, or spa (where spa services are available)KEY SUCCESS FACTORSTechnology related-Used of advance technology in hotel premises.Manufacturing- related High utilization of fixed assets. Quality control know-how. Serving customer according to their specif ication.Distribution-related Presence of hotel chain at various places. A strong network.merchandising related Breadth of product line and product selection. Personalized customer services. A well-known and well-respected brand name.

Sea Fever Essay -- English Literature

ocean Fever - speechGood morning Miss Allison and class, the poem I chose is Sea Fever byJohn Masefield. John Masefield, was only 22 years old when he wrotethe simple yet move lines in his poem Sea Fever. He was born in1878, in, England. Young Masefield wanted to be a merchant marineofficer and at 13 he spent two and a half years on the school ship andafterwards was apprenticed aboard a sailing ship, bound for Chile. InChile he became unbalanced and left the sea and returned to England. In 1902Masefield published his first volume of poems, Salt-Water BalladsJohn Masefields poem Sea Fever is a work of art that brings beautyto the face language through its use of rhythm, imagery and manycomplex figures of speech. Sea Fever is a classic, English poem aboutthe poets strong appetency to return to the sea. It is a description ofa man who reflects on what his life used to be like when he was asailor. In Stanza one, the man yearns to be sailing the oceans onceagain. He remembers the soli tude and the natural environment aroundhim, such as the sky, with its stars to guide him in the rightdirection, as well as the wind that made his ship shake and its sailto billow. He in addition recalls the grey mist of the ocean. In stanza two,the man describes his yearning in stronger terms, when he describesthe feed of the ocean as a clear call that may not be denied. Theman also remembers various aspects associated with the sea, such asthe white clouds moving in the sky, the foam and spray, as well as thesound of the sea gulls. Stanza three is a further description of themans life at the sea. He recalls his life as being similar to thewandering life of a gypsy. He remembers being at the helm of his sh... ...ng or mood of each(prenominal) stanza.Firstly, a mood of solitude is expressed in this picture, through thetall ship, being isolated in the open seas, crossing storms, secludedfrom all civilisations. Secondly, a mood of deep yearning, hunger andfrustration is depicted in this picture with the flung spray and theblown spume, being very important features in this picture. Thispicture also shows the longing shared between the speaker and theocean. Thirdly, in this picture, the mood of freedom and independenceis reflected through the freedom of a whale and a sea gull. The work I chose for this picture are very peaceful, with blues andgreens and whites, showing the true calmness of the sea.The themes in Sea Fever, the longing the speaker has for the sea andthe similitude of life to a sea voyage, are also seen in the picturesI have displayed on my poster.

Encouraging Girls in Math and Science Essay -- Essays Papers

Encouraging Girls in Math and Science An ideal classroom in an elementary schooltime would allow both boys and girls to learn fairly, equally, and also be encouraged to be involved in the classroom. The teacher would expect the same effort from the boys as well up as the girls. The teacher would implement a humble atmosphere where the teacher as well as the students would respect one a nonher. The reality is that girls quickly aim discouraged to pursue math and/or light related careers. Girls lose their self-esteem from experiencing negative attitudes from their teachers as well as from the boys in their class. Girls are not encouraged to participate in math and lore, and they tint that they are not capable of doing well in these subjects. The low self-esteem is reflected on girls actions and choices. Girls become at risk for dropping discover of high school, experiencing sexual urge bias in the classroom and on their assessment tests, not enrolling in math and/or science classes, teen pregnancy, and possibly experiencing sexual harassment at school. Therefore, I believe that it is extremely important that teachers realize these risks and try to find solutions in their teaching methods and assessments. regular(a) though drop-out rates are higher among boys than girls, the government issue of girls who do not return to school or get their GED is higher than boys. Many reasons that girls drop out of school reflect a sense of madness from school a lack of individual success and/or that school is not worthwhile. (MAEC, 1993) Reasons include having a large number of siblings, mothers educational level, and belief in traditional gender-role stereotypes. (MAEC, 1993) Girls who don... ...esearch Matters - to the Science Teacher. Retrieved on March 20, 2001 from the introduction encompassing Web. http//narst.org/research/class.htm Kahle, Jane Butler. (1985) Encouraging Girls in Science Courses and Careers. Retrieved on March 3, 2 001 from the World Wide Web. http//narst.org/research/encourage/htm Kahle, Jane Butler and Arta Damnjanovic. (1997) How Research Helps Address Gender Equity. Retrieved on March 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//narst.org/research/gender2.htm The mid-Atlantic Equity Center. (1993) Beyond Title IX Gender Equity Issues in Schools. Retrieved on March 17, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//www.maec.org/beyond.html NEA. (2001) Be an advocate for gender law in your classroom, school, and district. Retrieved on March 18, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//www.nea.org/bt/1-students/1-3-q-b.html Encouraging Girls in Math and Science stress -- Essays PapersEncouraging Girls in Math and Science An ideal classroom in an elementary school would allow both boys and girls to learn fairly, equally, and also be encouraged to be involved in the classroom. The teacher would expect the same effort from the boys as well as the girls. The teacher would implement a res pectful atmosphere where the teacher as well as the students would respect one another. The reality is that girls quickly become discouraged to pursue math and/or science related careers. Girls lose their self-esteem from experiencing negative attitudes from their teachers as well as from the boys in their class. Girls are not encouraged to participate in math and science, and they feel that they are not capable of doing well in these subjects. The low self-esteem is reflected on girls actions and choices. Girls become at risk for dropping out of high school, experiencing gender bias in the classroom and on their assessment tests, not enrolling in math and/or science classes, teen pregnancy, and possibly experiencing sexual harassment at school. Therefore, I believe that it is extremely important that teachers realize these risks and try to find solutions in their teaching methods and assessments. Even though drop-out rates are higher among boys than girls, the number of girls who do not return to school or get their GED is higher than boys. Many reasons that girls drop out of school reflect a sense of alienation from school a lack of individual success and/or that school is not worthwhile. (MAEC, 1993) Reasons include having a large number of siblings, mothers educational level, and belief in traditional gender-role stereotypes. (MAEC, 1993) Girls who don... ...esearch Matters - to the Science Teacher. Retrieved on March 20, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//narst.org/research/class.htm Kahle, Jane Butler. (1985) Encouraging Girls in Science Courses and Careers. Retrieved on March 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//narst.org/research/encourage/htm Kahle, Jane Butler and Arta Damnjanovic. (1997) How Research Helps Address Gender Equity. Retrieved on March 3, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//narst.org/research/gender2.htm The Mid-Atlantic Equity Center. (1993) Beyond Title IX Gender Equity Issues in Schools. Retrieved on March 1 7, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//www.maec.org/beyond.html NEA. (2001) Be an advocate for gender equity in your classroom, school, and district. Retrieved on March 18, 2001 from the World Wide Web. http//www.nea.org/bt/1-students/1-3-q-b.html